序章

1 以下に引用されている．Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann (London: Pluto Press, 1952), 9［フランツ・ファノン『黒い皮膚・白い仮面』海老坂武，加藤晴久訳，みすずライブラリー，1998，p. 29．ただし訳文は，元々のセゼールの邦訳から借用した．エメ・セゼール『帰郷ノート・植民地主義論』砂野幸稔訳，平凡社，1997，p. 134］．

2 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) 25–26［ミシェル・フーコー『監獄の誕生』田村俶訳，新潮社，1977，p. 30．以下も参照した．ミシェル・フーコー『処罰社会――コレージュ・ド・フランス講義1972–1973年度』八幡恵一訳，筑摩書房，2017，p. 308–315, 326］

3 Sandro Galea and Salma M. Abdalla, “Covid-19 Pandemic, Unemployment, and Civil Unrest: Underlying Deep Racial and Socioeconomic Divides,” JAMA 324, no. 3 (2020), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11132.

4 Jeremy Hess et al., “Petroleum and Health Care: Evaluating and Managing Health Care’s Vulnerability to Petroleum Supply Shifts,” American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 9 (2011), doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300233.

5 Jordi Bascompte, “Disentangling the Web of Life,” Science 325, no. 5939 (2009), doi.org/10.1126/science.1170749; Moreno Di Marco et al., “Changes in Human Footprint Drive Changes in Species Extinction Risk,” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07049-5.

6 Chelsea Brentzel, “3M Admits to Illegal Chemical Release in Tennessee River,” News19 (Decatur, AL), June 14, 2019, whnt.com/news/decatur/3m-admits-to-illegal-chemical-release-in-tennessee-river/; Mayra Quirindongo et al., Lost and Found: Missing Mercury from Chemical Plants Pollutes Air and Water (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2006).

7 K. R. Miner et al., “Deposition of PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ on Mt. Everest,” Science of the Total Environment 759 (2021), doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144421.

8 Elizabeth R. Daly et al., “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Exposure Assessment in a Community Exposed to Contaminated Drinking Water, New Hampshire, 2015,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 221, no. 3 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.007.

9 Annie Sneed, “Forever Chemicals Are Widespread in U.S. Drinking Water,” Scientific American, January 21, 2021, tinyurl.com/kdr3opl8.

10 Sharon Lerner, “3M Knew About the Dangers of PFOA and PFOS Decades Ago, Internal Documents Show,” The Intercept, July 31, 2018, theintercept.com/2018/07/31/3m-pfas-minnesota-pfoa-pfos/; Brentzel, “3M Admits to Illegal Chemical Release.”

11 Carolin Fleischmann et al., “Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality of Hospital-Treated Sepsis. Current Estimates and Limitations,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 193, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201504-0781oc.

12 Kristina E. Rudd et al., “Global, Regional, and National Sepsis Incidence and Mortality, 1990–2017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study,” The Lancet 395, no. 10219 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7.

13 J. Karavitis and E. J. Kovacs, “Macrophage Phagocytosis: Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Alcohol, Cigarette Smoke, and Other External Factors,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 90, no. 6 (2011), doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0311114; Vijay Kumar, “Macrophages: The Potent Immunoregulatory Innate Immune Cells” (IntechOpen, 2019), doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88013.

14 A. Prüss-Ustün et al., Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: A Global Assessment of the Burden of Disease from Environmental Risks (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016), tinyurl.com/dabo23d2［『健康的な環境による疾病予防――環境リスクによる疾病負荷の国際評価 日本語版』国立保健医療科学院，2019，www.niph.go.jp/publications/healthenvironment2019.pdf］．

15 Julian Cribb, Surviving the 21st Century: Humanity’s Ten Great Challenges and How We Can Overcome Them (Switzerland: Springer, 2016), link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-41270-2; Roberto Binetti, Francesca Marina Costamagna, and Ida Marcello, “Exponential Growth of New Chemicals and Evolution of Information Relevant to Risk Control,” Annali-istituto superiore di sanita 44, no. 1 (2008).

16 Zhe Xu et al., “Pathological Findings of Covid-19 Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,” Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2020), doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X.

17 Oxford English Dictionary, “Diagnosis, N.,” Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press).

18 新型コロナウィルスは，労働者が1ヶ所に閉じ込められて密になる場所で感染爆発してきた．たとえば食肉加工，物流拠点倉庫，われわれの食料が栽培されている畑などである．Leah Douglas, “Mapping Covid-19 Outbreaks in the Food System,” Food and Environment Reporting Network, April 22, 2020, thefern.org/2020/04/mapping-covid-19-in-meat-and-food-processing-plants/.

19 Jack Nicas, “A Pastor, a School Bus and a Trip Through a Scorched Oregon Town,” The New York Times, September 15, 2020, tinyurl.com/1asgb899.

20 わたしたちはラティネクスLatinxという言葉を使うが，同じ南米に出自があると言っても，先住民コミュニティ，アフリカ系コミュニティ，ヨーロッパ系コミュニティではそれぞれ異なる複雑な歴史を抱えていることをこの言葉では表現することはできないし，単なる仮称だと承知の上でのことである．ただしこの言葉は，ラティーノLatinoという言葉が背負う異性愛規範ヘテロノーマティヴィティという意味あいや，ラティーナウLatin@［@はaとoの両方を表わす］という表記が背負う性別二元論バイナリズムという意味あいは免れている．だが，この言葉もすぐに廃れるだろう．代わりになるものを待望する．

21 Lindsay Schnell, “‘Like Smoking Multiple Packs a Day’: Hazardous Air Quality Worries West Coast Parents,” USA Today, September 20, 2020, tinyurl.com/2og3xuxl.

22 Zachary S. Wettstein et al., “Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits Associated with Wildfire Smoke Exposure in California in 2015,” Journal of the American Heart Association 7, no. 8 (2018), doi.org/10.1161/jaha.117.007492.

23 Silvia Comunian et al., “Air Pollution and Covid-19: The Role of Particulate Matter in the Spread and Increase of Covid-19’s Morbidity and Mortality,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020), doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124487; Wettstein et al., “Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits.”

24 たとえば以下の論文では，合衆国の血塗られた植民地化の歴史のなかでも，「西部開拓」こそがとりわけ非難すべき時期であったとみなすことのどこに意味があるかが説かれている．Gray H. Whaley, “Oregon, Illahee, and the Empire Republic: A Case Study of American Colonialism, 1843–1858,” Western Historical Quarterly 36, no. 2 (2005), doi.org/10.2307/25443145.

25 Anibal Quijano, “Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality,” Cultural Studies 21, no. 2–3 (2007), doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353.

26 Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1975), 174［ミシェル・フーコー『臨床医学の誕生』神谷美恵子訳，みすず書房，1969， p. 256］．

27 David Abram, Becoming Animal: An Earthly Cosmology (New York: Pantheon, 2010).

28 Global Witness, Enemies of the State: How Governments and Business Silence Land and Environmental Defenders (London: Global Witness, 2019), www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/enemies-state/.

29 Tony Barta, “Sorry, and Not Sorry, in Australia: How the Apology to the Stolen Generations Buried a History of Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research 10, no. 2 (2008), doi.org/10.1080/14623520802065438.

30 Mark Gibney, The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).

31 US Government, “Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs,” Federal Register 84, no. 22 (2019); Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, “Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States,” Santa Clara Law Review 48 (2008).

32 「神の下の」という言葉は1953年に加えられた．

33 Karina Czyzewski, “Colonialism as a Broader Social Determinant of Health,” International Indigenous Policy Journal 2, no. 1 (2011); Ian Anderson et al., “Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Health (The Lancet–Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): A Population Study,” The Lancet 388, no. 10040 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00345-7.

34 L. Dwyer-Lindgren et al., “Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014: Temporal Trends and Key Drivers,” JAMA Internal Medicine 177, no. 7 (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918.

35 わたしたちは，「入植植民地主義セトラー・コロニアリズム」は支配管理のまた別の一形態なのだ，ということを常に念頭に置いている．この言葉は「帝国主義」という言葉よりも好ましい．なぜならとくに合衆国の読者は，合衆国が一つの植民地プロジェクトなのだということ，わたしたちが今これを書いている入植植民地において，今なお帝国は実力行使を続けているということを忘れがちだからである．エドワード・サイードが書いている帝国主義と植民地主義の区別はもっと伝統的なものだ．すなわち「『帝国主義』という言葉は，遠隔の領土を支配するところの宗主国中枢における実践と理論，またそれが抱えるさまざまな姿勢を意味している．一方，『植民地主義』というのは，ほとんどいつも帝国主義の帰結であり，遠隔の地に入植地を建設することを意味する」（Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993), 9［エドワード・Ｗ・サイード『文化と帝国主義』第1巻，大橋洋一訳，みすず書房， 1998，p. 40］).以下も参照のこと．Edward Cavanagh and Lorenzo Veracini, eds., The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism (London: Routledge, 2017); and Ronald J. Horvath, “A Definition of Colonialism,” Current Anthropology 13, no. 1 (1972), doi.org/10.1086/201248.

36 Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017)［ラジ・パテル，ジェイソン・W・ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』福井昌子訳，作品社，2025］；Tink Tinker and Mark Freeland, “Thief, Slave Trader, Murderer: Christopher Columbus and Caribbean Population Decline,” Wíčazo Ša Review 23, no. 1 (2008), jstor.org/stable/30131245.

37 Lee Raye, “The Early Extinction Date of the Beaver (Castor Fiber) in Britain,” Historical Biology 27, no. 8 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.927871.

38 正確に言えば，毛皮の下毛は粉砕された上で帽子製作に用いられる．James L. Clayton, “The Growth and Economic Significance of the American Fur Trade, 1790–1890,” Minnesota History 40, no. 4 (1966): 211, jstor.org/stable/20177863.

39 Robert J. Naiman, Carol A. Johnston, and James C. Kelley, “Alteration of North American Streams by Beaver,” BioScience 38, no. 11 (1988), doi.org/10.2307/1310784.

40 Ibid.

41 Erica Neeganagwedgin, “‘Chattling the Indigenous Other’: A Historical Examination of the Enslavement of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada,” Alter Native: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 8, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1177/117718011200800102.男性の入植者と先住民女性のあいだの男女関係が，先住民女性にとっては抵抗の一形態であったことは特筆に値する．このことは，植民地主義の歴史の主流ではほぼ語られていない事実である．Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670–1870 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983)［シルヴィア・ヴァン・カーク『優しい絆――北米毛皮交易社会の女性史 1670–1870年』木村和男，田中俊弘訳，麗澤大学出版会，2014］．

42 Catherine Meyers, “Tuberculosis Followed the Fur Trade,” Science, April 4, 2011, www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/04/tuberculosis-followed-fur-trade.

43 P. Collen and R. J. Gibson, “The General Ecology of Beavers (Castor Spp.), as Related to Their Influence on Stream Ecosystems and Riparian Habitats, and the Subsequent Effects on Fish — a Review,” Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10, no. 4 (2000): 450, doi.org/10.1023/a:1012262217012.

44 Michael M. Pollock et al., “The Importance of Beaver Ponds to Coho Salmon Production in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, USA,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24, no. 3 (2004), doi.org/10.1577/M03-156.1.

45 Spencer B. Beebe et al., Salmon Nation: People. Place. Welcome Home (2019), 3, medium.com/@salmonnation/salmon-nation-a-place-and-an-idea-1f18e4776362.

46 Ibid.

47 Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 198.

48 Corey J. A. Bradshaw, “Little Left to Lose: Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Australia Since European Colonization,” Journal of Plant Ecology 5, no.1 (2012), doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr038.

49 1494年まで，コロンブスはイサベル1世とフェルナンド2世に，スペイン人の船乗りは西半球では元気が出ないということを当時の医学用語を使って説明していた．その理由は，彼の地の食べ物と気候がヨーロッパ人の身体の健康維持にはまったく役に立たないから，ということだった．Rebecca Earle, “‘If You Eat Their Food...’: Diets and Bodies in Early Colonial Spanish America,” American Historical Review 115, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.3.688.

50 デカルトの議論に見られる離れ業は，学部学生向けの哲学講義の素材にふさわしい．しかしここでは読者に「第三省察［神の存在について］」から始めた上で，『省察』の結論を考察することをお奨めする．Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies, trans. Michael Moriarty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)［ルネ・デカルト『省察』山田弘明訳，ちくま学芸文庫，2006］；Kay Anderson, “Mind over Matter? On Decentring the Human in Human Geography,” Cultural Geographies 21, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1177/1474474013513409.

51 2018年に啓蒙主義を礼讃して人気を博したスティーヴン・ピンカーが，あの本［邦訳『21世紀の啓蒙』橘明美ほか訳，草思社，2019］に書いたことのなかで，少なくともこれはありうることの一つだ．しかし啓蒙主義を可能にし，またそれによって医学の進展を可能にした同じ力が，「6度目の大絶滅」［エリザベス・コルバート］や緊縮経済，麻薬中毒，気候変動をも引き起こすのである．その全部を良しとせずに，一つだけ礼讃するのは無理がある．

52 Howard K. Koh, Anand K. Parekh, and John J. Park, “Confronting the Rise and Fall of US Life Expectancy,” JAMA 322, no. 20 (2019), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.17303; Laura Parry, Nick Steel, and John Ford, “Slowing of Life Expectancy in the UK: Global Burden of Disease Study 2016,” The Lancet 392 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32906-4.

53 Theresa Andrasfay and Noreen Goldman, “Reductions in 2020 US Life Expectancy Due to Covid-19 and the Disproportionate Impact on the Black and Latino Populations,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118, no. 5 (2021), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014746118.

54 Lorraine C. Boyd, Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Report, 2006–2010 (New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2010).

55 UN Food and Agricultural Organization, The State of Food Insecurity and Nutrition in the World: Safeguarding against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns (Rome: FAO, 2019).ただしこの国連食糧農業機関の報告書では，世界の飢餓状況は万事好転しているという物語に合わせて不当に手を加えた数値が用いられていることに留意する必要がある．以下を参照のこと．Frances Moore Lappe et al., “How We Count Hunger Matters,” Ethics and International Affairs 27, no. 03 (2013), doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0892679413000191.

56 Ian Bailey, “Edward Jenner (1749–1823): Naturalist, Scientist, Country Doctor, Benefactor to Mankind,” Journal of Medical Biography 4, no. 2 (1996).

57 Stefan Riedel, “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination,” Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 18, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028.

58 Jennifer Meyer, Vasileios Margaritis, and Aaron Mendelsohn, “Consequences of Community Water Fluoridation Cessation for Medicaid-Eligible Children and Adolescents in Juneau, Alaska,” BMC Oral Health 18, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1186/s12903-018-0684-2.

59 Stephen Peckham, “Slaying Sacred Cows: Is It Time to Pull the Plug on Water Fluoridation?,” Critical Public Health 22, no. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2011.596818.

60 Anna L. Choi et al., “Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 10(2012), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104912.

61 TRUDP105. NPR/PBS Newshour/Marist Poll National Tables March 13th through March 14th, 2020 (2020), maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NPRPBS-NewsHourMarist-PollUSA-NOS-and-Tables2003151338.pdf.

62 Noni E. Macdonald, “Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants,” Vaccine 33, no. 34 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036; World HealthOrganization, “Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019” (2019), www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.

63 Alexandre De Figueiredo et al., “Mapping Global Trends in Vaccine Confidence and Investigating Barriers to Vaccine Uptake: A Large-Scale Retrospective Temporal Modelling Study,” The Lancet 396, no. 10255 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31558-0; Jeremy K. Ward et al., “Vaccine Hesitancy and Coercion: All Eyes on France,” Nature Immunology 20, no. 10 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0488-9; Kim Willsher, “Vaccine Scepticism in France Reflects ‘Dissatisfaction with Political Class,’” The Guardian, January 11, 2021, tinyurl.com/10tc14qr; AFP-Tokyo, “Fraught History Haunts Japan Covid-19 Vaccine Roll-Out,” Deccan Herald, January 8, 2021, tinyurl.com/1eoorei3.

64 Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007)［ナオミ・クライン『ショック・ドクトリン――惨事便乗型資本主義の正体を暴く』上下巻，幾島幸子，村上由見子訳，岩波書店，2011］．

65 Lauren Bunch, “A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice,” HEC Forum (2021), link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10730-021-09440-0.

66 オードラ・シンプソンの言うように，容認の反対は拒絶である．Audra Simpson, Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014).

67 Yehonatan Turner and Irith Hadas-Halpern, “The Effects of Including a Patient’s Photograph to the Radiographic Examination,” Radiological Society of North America 2008 Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting (Chicago, 2008), archive .rsna.org/2008/6008880.html.

68 Yehudit Hasin, Marcus Seldin, and Aldons Lusis, “Multi-Omics Approaches to Disease,” Genome Biology 18, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1215-1.

69 Katherine Byrns, “Angela Davis Speaks About Justice and Equality,” Colgate Maroon-News, 2009, thecolgatemaroonnews.com/10555/news/angela-davis-speaks-about-justice-and-equality/.

70 James Tully, “Life Sustains Life 2. The Ways of Re-Engagement with the Living Earth.” In Nature and Value, edited by Akeel Bilgrami (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).

71 Ibid.

72 William B. Karesh et al., “Ecology of Zoonoses: Natural and Unnatural Histories,” The Lancet 380, no. 9857 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61678-x.

73 Rob Wallace, Big Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on Infectious Disease, Agribusiness and the Nature of Science (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2016).

74 James Gorman, “The Coronavirus Kills Mink, So They Too May Get a Vaccine,” The New York Times, January 25, 2021, tinyurl.com/32o9qj3m.

75 D. L. Martin, “Health Conditions before Columbus: Paleopathology of Native North Americans,” Western Journal of Medicine 176, no. 1 (2002), doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65; Mohammed Al-Hariri, “Sweet Bones: The Pathogenesis of Bone Alteration in Diabetes,” Journal of Diabetes Research 2016 (2016), doi.org/10.1155/2016/6969040.

76 Nancy Macdonald, “Bella Bella, B.C.: The Town That Solved Suicide,” Maclean’s, September 22, 2016, www.macleans.ca/news/bella-bella-the-town-that-solved-suicide/.

77 Michael J. Chandler and Christopher Lalonde, “Cultural Continuity as a Hedge against Suicide in Canada’s First Nations,” Transcultural Psychiatry 35, no. 2 (1998), doi.org/10.1177/136346159803500202.

第１章　免疫系

1 Donna Haraway, “The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Determinations of Self in Immune System Discourse,” in Feminist Theory and the Body: A Reader, ed. Janet Price and Margrit Shildrick (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 211.

2 Nanna Mik-Meyer, “The Social Negotiation of Illness: Doctors’ Role as Clinical or Political in Diagnosing Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms,” Social Theory and Health 13, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1057/sth.2014.15.

3 Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet.” 1964年にデトロイトのキングソロモン・バプティスト教会で行なわれた演説．

4 David Furman et al., “Chronic Inflammation in the Etiology of Disease across the Life Span,” Nature Medicine 25, no. 12 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0.

5 Melody G. Duvall and Bruce D. Levy, “DHA-and EPA-Derived Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins in Airway Inflammation,” European Journal of Pharmacology 785 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.001.

6 A. Liston and S. L. Masters, “Homeostasis-Altering Molecular Processes as Mechanisms of Inflammasome Activation,” Nature Reviews Immunology 17, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.151.

7 Nicola R. Sproston and Jason J. Ashworth, “Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection,” Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018), doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.

8 Liston and Masters, “Homeostasis-Altering Molecular Processes.”

9 Ibid.

10 M. Bonafe, J. Sabbatinelli, and F. Olivieri, “Exploiting the Telomere Machinery to Put the Brakes on Inflamm-Aging,” Ageing Research Reviews 59 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101027; Jingwen Zhang et al., “Ageing and the Telomere Connection: An Intimate Relationship with Inflammation,” Ageing Research Reviews 25 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.11.006.

11 Naoko Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism for Induction of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and Its Role in Ageing and Cancer Development,” Journal of Biochemistry 166, no. 4 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvz055; Francis Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage Signalling Triggers Senescence-Associated Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion,” Nature Cell Biology 11, no. 8 (2009), doi.org/10.1038/ncb1909.

12 Tamara Tchkonia et al., “Cellular Senescence and the Senescent Secretory Phenotype: Therapeutic Opportunities,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 123, no. 3 (2013), doi.org/10.1172/jci64098; Y. Zhu et al., “Cellular Senescence and the Senescent Secretory Phenotype in Age-Related Chronic Diseases,” Current Opinions in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 17, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000065; Wen-Juan Wang, Guang-Yan Cai, and Xiang-Mei Chen, “Cellular Senescence, Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype, and Chronic Kidney Disease,” Oncotarget 8, no. 38 (2017), doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.17327; Manish Kumar, Werner Seeger, and Robert Voswinckel, “Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype and Its Possible Role in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 51, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0382ps; Frej Fyhrquist, Outi Saijonmaa, and Timo Strandberg, “The Roles of Senescence and Telomere Shortening in Cardiovascular Disease,” Nature Reviews Cardiology 10, no. 5 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2013.30; Rekha Bhat et al., ”Astrocyte Senescence as a Component of Alzheimer’s Disease,” PLOS One 7, no. 9 (2012), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045069; Antero Salminen et al., “Astrocytes in the Aging Brain Express Characteristics of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype,” European Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07738.x.

13 Arne N. Akbar and Derek W. Gilroy, “Aging Immunity May Exacerbate Covid-19,” Science 369, no. 6501 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0762; Jamil Nehme et al., “Cellular Senescence as a Potential Mediator of Covid-19 Severity in the Elderly,” Aging Cell 19, no. 10 (2020), doi.org/10.1111/acel.13237.

14 Cornelia M. Weyand, Zhen Yang, and Jorg J. Goronzy, “T-Cell Aging in Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Current Opinion in Rheumatology 26, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000000011.

15 Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism for Induction”; Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage”; J. Mu et al., “Interspecies Communication Between Plant and Mouse Gut Host Cells Through Edible Plant Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 58, no. 7 (2014), doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300729.細胞老化関連分泌現象を引き起こすきっかけとなる早期の細胞老化の原因には，テロメア短縮［本文で後出］，DNA損傷，エピジェネティクス的変化［本文で後出］，ミトコンドリア機能不全などが含まれる．以下を参照のこと．Akbar and Gilroy, “Aging Immunity May Exacerbate Covid-19.”

16 Tchkonia et al., “Cellular Senescence and the Senescent Secretory Phenotype”; Zhu et al., “Cellular Senescence and the Senescent Secretory Phenotype in Age-Related Chronic Diseases”; P. Brodin et al., “Variation in the Human Immune System Is Largely Driven by Non-Heritable Influences,” Cell 160, no. 1–2 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.020.

17 Gwyneira Isaac et al., “Native American Perspectives on Health and Traditional Ecological Knowledge,” Environmental Health Perspectives 126, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1289/ehp1944; M. M. Niedzwiecki et al., “The Exposome: Molecules to Populations,” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59 (2019), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315.

18 Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism for Induction”; Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage”; Zhu et al., “Cellular Senescence and the Senescent Secretory Phenotype in Age-Related Chronic Diseases.”

19 Jose C. Clemente, Julia Manasson, and Jose U. Scher, “The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Systemic Inflammatory Disease,” BMJ (2018), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5145.

20 C. Fiuza-Luces et al., “Exercise Benefits in Cardiovascular Disease: Beyond Attenuation of Traditional Risk Factors,” Nature Reviews Cardiology 15, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1.

21 P. Carrera-Bastos, “The Western Diet and Lifestyle and Diseases of Civilization,” Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, no. 2 (2011), doi.org/10.2147/RRCC.S16919.

22 Carrera-Bastos, “Western Diet and Lifestyle.”

23 T. W. McDade et al., “Analysis of Variability of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Lowland Ecuador Reveals No Evidence of Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation,” American Journal of Human Biology 24, no. 5 (2012), doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22296.

24 David A. Raichlen et al., “Physical Activity Patterns and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Hunter-Gatherers,” American Journal of Human Biology 29, no. 2 (2017), doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22919.

25 Hillard Kaplan et al., “Coronary Atherosclerosis in Indigenous South American Tsimane: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study,” The Lancet 389, no. 10080 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30752-3.

26 Nancy Agmon-Levin et al., “Antitreponemal Antibodies Leading to Autoantibody Production and Protection from Atherosclerosis in Kitavans from PapuaNew Guinea,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1173, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04671.x.

27 David M. Keohane et al., “Microbiome and Health Implications for Ethnic Minorities after Enforced Lifestyle Changes,” Nature Medicine 26 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0963-8.

28 T. W. McDade, “Early Environments and the Ecology of Inflammation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, suppl. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202244109.

29 Saman Khalatbari-Soltani et al., “Importance of Collecting Data on Socioeconomic Determinants from the Early Stage of the Covid-19 Outbreak Onwards,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (2020), doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214297.

30 Yu Shi et al., “Host Susceptibility to Severe Covid-19 and Establishment of a Host Risk Score: Findings of 487 Cases Outside Wuhan,” Critical Care 24, no.1 (2020), doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2833-7.

31 C. E. Rose et al., “Coronavirus Disease Among Workers in Food Processing, Food Manufacturing, and Agriculture Workplaces,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10 .3201/eid2701.203821.

32 Marie C. Lewis et al., “Direct Experimental Evidence That Early-Life Farm Environment Influences Regulation of Immune Responses,” Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 23, no. 3 (2012), doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01258.x.

33 M. Hatori et al., “Global Rise of Potential Health Hazards Caused by Blue Light-Induced Circadian Disruption in Modern Aging Societies,” NPJ Aging and Mechanisms of Disease 3, no. 9 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/s41514-017-0010-2.

34 Russel J. Reiter et al., “Melatonin as an Antioxidant: Under Promises but over Delivers,” Journal of Pineal Research 61, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12360; Gaia Favero, “Melatonin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Modulating Inflammasome Activation,” International Journal of Endocrinology (2017), doi.org/10.1155/2017/1835195; Yong Zhang et al., “Melatonin Alleviates Acute Lung Injury Through Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome,” Journal of Pineal Research 60, no. 4 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12322.

35 R. Leproult, U. Holmback, and E. Van Cauter, “Circadian Misalignment Augments Markers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation, Independently of Sleep Loss,” Diabetes 63, no. 6 (2014), doi.org/10.2337/db13-1546.

36 Tarani Chandola, Eric Brunner, and Michael Marmot, “Chronic Stress at Work and the Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective Study,” BMJ 332, no. 7540 (2006), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38693.435301.80.

37 S. Cohen et al., “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 16 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118355109.

38 H. Renz et al., “An Exposome Perspective: Early-Life Events and Immune Development in a Changing World,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 140, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.015.

39 Caroline Isaksson, “Urbanization, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Question of Evolving, Acclimatizing or Coping with Urban Environmental Stress,” Functional Ecology 29, no. 7 (2015), doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12477.

40 J. R. Swiston et al., “Wood Smoke Exposure Induces a Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Firefighters,” European Respiratory Journal 32, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00097707.

41 A. J. Bartlett and Justin Clemens, Alain Badiou: Key Concepts (Durham, NC: Acumen, 2010), 9.

42 Ed Cohen, A Body Worth Defending: Immunity, Biopolitics, and the Apotheosis of the Modern Body (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009), 41–45.

43 Steven I. Hajdu, “Rudolph Virchow, Pathologist, Armed Revolutionist, Politician, and Anthropologist,” Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 35, no. 2 (2005): 204.

44 Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (New York: John W. Lovell Co., 1887)［エンゲルス『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態――19世紀のロンドンとマンチェスター』上下巻，一條和生，杉山忠平訳，岩波文庫，1990］．

45 Ibid., 64［エンゲルス『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態』上，p.15–16］．

46 Ibid., 334［エンゲルス『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態』上，p.210］．

47 Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Rudolf Carl Virchow,” American Journal of Public Health 96, no. 12 (2006), doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.078436.

48 Rex Taylor and Annelie Rieger, “Medicine as Social Science: Rudolf Virchow on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia,” International Journal of Health Services 15, no. 4 (1985): 548.

49 Michael Titford, “Rudolf Virchow: Cellular Pathologist,” Laboratory Medicine 41, no. 5 (2010), doi.org/10.1309/LM3GYQTY79CPYLBI.

50 Taylor and Rieger, “Medicine as Social Science.”

51 Ibid., 550.

52 Ibid., 551.

53 George A. Silver, “Virchow, the Heroic Model in Medicine: Health Policy by Accolade,” American Journal of Public Health 77, no. 1 (1987): 83, doi.org/10.2105/ajph.77.1.82; Kazimierz Popioƚek, “1848 in Silesia,” Slavonic and East European Review 26, no. 7 (1948), www.jstor.org/stable/4203953.

54 Silver, “Virchow, the Heroic Model,” 84.

55 “Weekly Commercial Times, Banker’s Gazette and Railway Monitor,” Economist 4, no. 163 (1846): 1315, books.google.com/books?id=kEdUAAAAcAAJ.この引用の原典をわたしたちに教えてくれた歴史学者のジム・ハンディは，『エコノミスト』誌がアイルランドについてもインドについても似たようなレトリックを駆使していると，素晴らしい分析をしている．以下を参照のこと．Jim Handy, “‘Almost Idiotic Wretchedness’: A Long History of Blaming Peasants,” Journal of Peasant Studies 36, no. 2 (2009/04/01 2009), doi.org/10.1080/03066150902928306; Jim Handy and Michael D. Kirkpatrick, “‘A Terrible Necessity’: The Economist on India,” Canadian Journal of History 51, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.51.2.02; Jim Handy and Carla Fehr, “‘The Free Exercise of Self-Love’: The Economist on Ireland,” Studies in Political Economy 94, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2014.11674955.

56 “The Effect of the Government Feeding the Irish,” The Economist 4, no. 155 (1846): 1050.

57 Hermann Beck, “State and Society in Pre-March Prussia: The Weavers’ Uprising, the Bureaucracy, and the Association for the Welfare of Workers,” Central European History 25, no. 3 (1992), jstor .org/stable/4546275.

58 Richard Grove, “The Influence of El Nino on World Crises in the Nineteenth Century,” in El Nino in World History, ed. Richard Grove and George Adamson (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018); Cormac O Grada and Andres Eiriksson, Ireland’s Great Famine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2006).

59 Phelim P. Boyle and Cormac O. Grada, “Fertility Trends, Excess Mortality, and the Great Irish Famine,” Demography 23, no. 4 (1986), doi.org/10.2307/2061350.

60 Helge Berger and Mark Spoerer, “Economic Crises and the European Revolutions of 1848,” Journal of Economic History 61, no. 2 (2001), www.jstor.org/stable/2698022.

61 Izet Masic, “The Most Influential Scientists in the Development of Public Health (2): Rudolf Ludwig Virchow (1821–1902),” Materia Socio Medica 31, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.5455/msm.2019.31.151-152.

62 Howard Waitzkin, “The Social Origins of Illness: A Neglected History,” International Journal of Health Services 11, no. 1 (1981), doi.org/10.2190/5cdv-p4fe-y6hn-jacd.

63 Silver, “Virchow, the Heroic Model in Medicine: Health Policy by Accolade.”

64 Jonathan Marks, “Why Be against Darwin? Creationism, Racism, and the Roots of Anthropology,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149, no. S55 (2012), doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22163.

65 Andrew Zimmerman, “Anti-Semitism as Skill: Rudolf Virchow’s Schulstatistik and the Racial Composition of Germany,” Central European History 32, no. 04 (1999), doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021762.

66 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 305, books.google.com/books?id=zt8yAQAAMAAJ.［チャールズ・ダーウィン『種の起源』渡辺政隆訳，光文社古典新訳文庫，2009， 下巻p. 403］．

67 Elie Metchnikoff, Souvenirs: Recueil d’articles autobiographique, trans. L. Piatagorski (Moscow: En Langues Etrangeres, 1959), 97. 以下の文献に引用されている．Cohen, A Body Worth Defending: Immunity, Biopolitics, and the Apotheosis of the Modern Body, 1.

68 Elie Metchnikoff, Lectures on Comparative Pathology of Inflammation (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1893), 63, books.google.com/books?id=KjszAQAAMAAJ.

69 Ibid., 13.

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid., 1; Darwin, Origin of Species［ダーウィン『種の起源』］．

72 Metchnikoff, Lectures on Comparative Pathology of Inflammation, 3.

73 Ibid., lecture 2.

74 Ibid., 39.

75 植物も洗練された先天性免疫系を備えている．しかしメチニコフはそれにはあまり興味を示さなかったようだ．だから植物の炎症に関しては，どちらかと言えばそっけない扱いしかしない．メチニコフはそれを「単なる組織の過敏（腫れ物や腫瘍）か，さらに加えるならせいぜい道管の詰まりにすぎない」と考えていた．しかし実際は，植物は病原体が呈するPAMP（病原体関連分子パターン）によって活性化する先天性免疫応答の強固な体制を備えているのである．以下を参照のこと．Jonathan D. G. Jones and Jeffery L. Dangl, “The Plant Immune System,” Nature 444, no. 7117 (2006), doi.org/10.1038/nature05286.

76 Natalya Yutin et al., “The Origins of Phagocytosis and Eukaryogenesis,” Biology Direct 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-4-9.ただし次の文献も参照のこと．Katsumi Ueda et al., “Phagocytosis in Plant Protoplasts,” Cell Structure and Function 3, no. 1 (1978).これによると，植物もたしかに異物を呑み込んだり貪食したりする細胞を有しているが，それは根の部分だけだという．これはメチニコフの目が届かなかった部位だ．この問題については，第8章の，菌糸網に関する議論のなかで再び取り上げる．

77 Metchnikoff, Lectures on Comparative Pathology of Inflammation, 58.

78 Metchnikoff, Lectures on Comparative Pathology of Inflammation, 109–10.

79 Daniel M. Davis, The Beautiful Cure: The Revolution in Immunology and What It Means for Your Health (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018)［ダニエル・M・デイヴィス『美しき免疫の力――人体の動的ネットワークを解き明かす』久保尚子訳，NHK出版，2018］．

80 Akiko Iwasaki and Ruslan Medzhitov, “Control of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System,” Nature Immunology 16, no. 4 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/ni.3123.

81 A. O’Garra, “Cytokines Induce the Development of Functionally Heterogeneous T Helper Cell Subsets,” Immunity 8, no. 3 (1998), doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80533-6.

82 Francesco Annunziato, Chiara Romagnani, and Sergio Romagnani, “The 3 Major Types of Innate and Adaptive Cell-Mediated Effector Immunity,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 135, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.001.

83 Ibid.

84 M. M. Stein et al., “Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children,” New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1508749.

85 Paurene Duramad et al., “Early Environmental Exposures and Intracellular Th1/Th2 Cytokine Profiles in 24-Month Old Children Living in an Agricultural Area,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9306.

86 Sergio Romagnani, “The Th1/Th2 Paradigm,” Immunology Today 18, no. 6 (1997), doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(97)80019-9; Annunziato, Romagnani, and Romagnani, “3 Major Types of Effector Immunity.”

87 Graham A. W. Rook, Christopher A. Lowry, and Charles L. Raison, “Microbial ‘Old Friends,’ Immunoregulation and Stress Resilience,” Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2013, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1093/emph/eot004.

88 Jerome Hadjadj et al., “Impaired Type I Interferon Activity and Inflammatory Responses in Severe Covid-19 Patients,” Science 369, no. 6504 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6027.

89 Finlay McNab et al., “Type I Interferons in Infectious Disease,” Nature Reviews Immunology 15, no. 2 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/nri3787.

90 Alfons Billiau, “Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Type I Interferons,” Antiviral Research 71, no. 2–3 (2006), doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.006.

91 Amit K. Maiti, “The African-American Population with a Low Allele Frequency of SNP rs1990760 (T allele) in IFIH1 Predicts Less IFN-Beta Expression and Potential Vulnerability to Covid-19 Infection,” Immunogenetics 72, no. 6–7 (2020), doi.org/10.1007/s00251-020-01174-6.

92 N. D. Powell et al., “Social Stress Up-Regulates Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Leukocyte Transcriptome via Beta-Adrenergic Induction of Myelopoiesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 41 (2013), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310655110; S. W. Cole et al., “Transcriptional Modulation of the Developing Immune System by Early Life Social Adversity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 50 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218253109.

93 Nehme et al., “Cellular Senescence as a Potential Mediator.”

94 Naoko Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism for Induction of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and Its Role in Ageing and Cancer Development,” Journal of Biochemistry 166, no. 4 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvz055; Francis Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage Signalling Triggers Senescence-Associated Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion,” Nature Cell Biology 11, no. 8 (2009), doi.org/10.1038/ncb1909.

95 Andrasfay and Goldman, “Reductions in 2020 US Life Expectancy”; Jarvis T. Chen and Nancy Krieger, “Revealing the Unequal Burden of COVID-19 by Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Household Crowding: US County Versus Zip Code Analysis,” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 27 (2021), doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001263.

96 Alfred I. Tauber, Immunity: The Evolution of an Idea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 28.

97 Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New York: New Press, 2007).

98 Warwick Anderson and Ian R. Mackay, “Fashioning the Immunological Self: The Biological Individuality of F. Macfarlane Burnet,” Journal of the History of Biology 47, no. 1 (2014), www.jstor.org/stable/43863733.

99 Hyung Wook Park, “Germs, Hosts, and the Origin of Frank Macfarlane Burnet’s Concept of ‘Self’ and ‘Tolerance,’ 1936–1949,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 61, no. 4 (2006), www.jstor.org/stable/24632317.

100 Wendy Brown, Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006), 151［ウェンディ・ブラウン『寛容の帝国――現代リベラリズム批判』向山恭一訳，法政大学出版局，2010，p. 204］．

101 Brown, Regulating Aversion, 151,強調は原文．［ブラウン『寛容の帝国』，p. 203］．

102 Claudia Dreifus, “A Conversation with Polly Matzinger; Blazing an Unconventional Trail to a New Theory of Immunity,” The New York Times, June 16, 1998, tinyurl.com/bqb2clzv.

103 Sarah Richardson, “The End of the Self,” Discover, April 1, 1996, www.discovermagazine.com/health/the-end-of-the-self.

104 Dreifus, “Conversation with Polly Matzinger.”

105 Polly Matzinger and Galadriel Mirkwood, “In a Fully H-2 Incompatible Chimera, T Cells of Donor Origin Can Respond to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens in Association with Either Donor or Host H-2 Type,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 148, no. 1 (1978).

106 Polly Matzinger, “Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family,” Annual Review of Immunology 12, no. 1 (1994): 992.

107 Ibid., 991.

108 Polly Matzinger, “The Danger Model: A Renewed Sense of Self,” Science 296, no. 5566 (2002): 301, doi.org/10.1126/science.1071059.

109 Dreifus, “Conversation with Polly Matzinger.”

110 Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

111 Matzinger, “Danger Model,” 301.

112 Stefania Gallucci and Polly Matzinger, “Danger Signals: SOS to the Immune System,” Current Opinion in Immunology 13, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00191-6.

113 David Enard et al., “Viruses Are a Dominant Driver of Protein Adaptation in Mammals,” eLife 5 (2016), doi.org/10.7554/elife.12469.

114 Sha Mi et al., “Syncytin Is a Captive Retroviral Envelope Protein Involved in Human Placental Morphogenesis,” Nature 403, no. 6771 (2000), doi.org/10.1038/35001608.

115 Harold F. Dvorak, “Tumors: Wounds That Do Not Heal,” New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 26 (1986), doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198612253152606.

116 Maria B. Witte and Adrian Barbul, “General Principles of Wound Healing,” Surgical Clinics of North America 77, no. 3 (1997), doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70566-1.

117 Ibid.

118 M. B. Witte and A. Barbul, “Role of Nitric Oxide in Wound Repair,” American Journal of Surgery 183, no. 4 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00815-2.

119 Witte and Barbul, “General Principles of Wound Healing”; L. M. Coussens and Z. Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer,” Nature 420, no. 6917 (2002), doi.org/10.1038/nature01322.

120 David L. Steed, “The Role of Growth Factors in Wound Healing,” Surgical Clinics of North America 77, no. 3 (1997), doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70569-7.

121 Coussens and Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer.”

122 Witte and Barbul, “General Principles of Wound Healing.”

123 S. M. Levenson et al., “The Healing of Rat Skin Wounds,” Annals of Surgery 161 (1965), doi.org/10.1097/00000658-196502000-00019.

124 Witte and Barbul, “General Principles of Wound Healing.”

125 F. Balkwill and A. Mantovani, “Inflammation and Cancer: Back to Virchow?,” The Lancet 357, no. 9255 (2001), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0.

126 Coussens and Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer.”

127 Dvorak, “Tumors: Wounds That Do Not Heal.”

128 Matthew D. Vesely et al., “Natural Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Cancer,” Annual Review of Immunology 29, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101324.

129 Jean-Philippe Coppe et al., “The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype: The Dark Side of Tumor Suppression,” Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 5, no. 1 (2010), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102144.

130 Jeremy B. Swann and Mark J. Smyth, “Immune Surveillance of Tumors,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 117, no. 5 (2007), doi.org/10.1172/jci31405.

131 Coussens and Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer.”

132 Ibid.; G. Deng, “Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells: Origins and Features,” American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology 7, no. 5 (2018), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30498624.

133 Coussens and Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer.”

134 E. V. Tsianos, “Risk of Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD),” European Journal of Internal Medicine 11, no. 2 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(00)00061-3.

135 R. F. Souza, “From Reflux Esophagitis to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma,” Digestive Diseases 34, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1159/000445225.

136 A. Mantovani et al., “Cancer-Related Inflammation,” Nature 454, no. 7203 (2008), doi.org/10.1038/nature07205.

137 H. Kuper, H. O. Adami, and D. Trichopoulos, “Infections as a Major Preventable Cause of Human Cancer,” Journal of Internal Medicine 249, no. S741 (2001), doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00742.x.

138 Ibid.

139 E. Mirzaie-Kashani et al., “Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Chronic Cervicitis, Cervical Adenocarcinoma, Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Squamus Cell Carcinoma,” Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 7, no. 5 (2014), doi.org/10.5812/jjm.9930.

140 P. Pisani et al., “Cancer and Infection: Estimates of the Attributable Fraction in 1990,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention 6, no. 6 (1997), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9184771.

141 Kuper, Adami, and Trichopoulos, “Infections as Major Preventable Cause”; C. H. Wong and K. Goh, “Chronic Hepatitis B Infection and Liver Cancer,” Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal 2, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/10.2349/biij.2.3.e7.

142 P. B. Ernst and B. D. Gold, “The Disease Spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: The Immunopathogenesis of Gastroduodenal Ulcer and Gastric Cancer,” Annual Review of Microbiology 54 (2000), doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.615.

143 H. Maeda and T. Akaike, “Nitric Oxide and Oxygen Radicals in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer,” Biochemistry (Moscow) 63, no. 7 (1998), www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721338.

144 がん抑制遺伝子p53は，アポトーシスを始めとする細胞のライフサイクルを制御するタンパク質生成に関する情報を持つ．p53はだから，われわれのあらゆる細胞株において，細胞の質を保つというきわめて重要な機能を担っていることになる．p53が，細胞のストレスや損傷を検知すると，細胞分裂を停止させる．それでもその損傷が修正されなければ，p53はその細胞を自死に到らしめることが可能だ．もしこの遺伝子が失われるとすれば，われわれはきわめて重要な検問所チェックポイントを失うことになる．そうなれば，DNAに傷害ダメージを抱えた細胞が際限なく増殖することになってしまうのだ．

145 Kuper, Adami, and Trichopoulos, “Infections as a Major Preventable Cause of Human Cancer.”

146 K. L. Rock and H. Kono, “The Inflammatory Response to Cell Death,” Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 3 (2008), doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456.

147 Coussens and Werb, “Inflammation and Cancer”; Mantovani et al., “Cancer-Related Inflammation.”

148 Mantovani et al., “Cancer-Related Inflammation.”

149 Rashid Hanif et al., “Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Proliferation and on Induction of Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells by a Prostaglandin-Independent Pathway,” Biochemical Pharmacology 52, no. 2 (1996), doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(96)00181-5.

150 Mantovani et al., “Cancer-Related Inflammation,” 436.

151 Ibid.

152 T. Hagemann et al., “‘Re-Educating’ Tumor-Associated Macrophages by Targeting NF-kB,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 205, no. 6 (2008), doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080108.

153 Mantovani et al., “Cancer-Related Inflammation.”

154 E. F. McCarthy, “The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas,” Iowa Orthopedic Journal 26 (2006).

155 Ibid.

156 William Coley, “The Treatment of Malignant Tumors by Repeated Inoculations of Erysipelas: With a Report of Ten Original Cases,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 105 (1893).

157 E. Richard Brown, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).ロックフェラーの投資は，現代医学が完全に石油に依存したことによって十分に回収された．たとえば患者や医療従事者，医療用品の運搬から，医療用品や医薬品の原料に到るまで，すべて石油に頼っている現状がある．以下を参照のこと．Jeremy Hess et al., “Petroleum and Health Care: Evaluating and Managing Health Care’s Vulnerability to Petroleum Supply Shifts,” American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 9 (2011), doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300233.

158 B. J. Johnston and E. T. Novales, “Clinical Effect of Coley’s Toxin. II. A Seven-Year Study,” Cancer Chemotherapy Reports 21 (1962), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14452138.

159 H. C. Nauts and J. R. McLaren, “Coley Toxins — The First Century,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 267 (1990), doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5766-752.

160 H. W. Herr and A. Morales, “History of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Bladder Cancer: An Immunotherapy Success Story,” Journal of Urology 179, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.122.

161 Ibid.

162 Diwakar Davar et al., “High-Dose Interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) for Advanced Melanoma: A Single Center Experience from the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute,” Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 5, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1186/s40425-017-0279-5.

163 Daniel W. Cramer et al., “Mumps and Ovarian Cancer: Modern Interpretation of an Historic Association,” Cancer Causes and Control 21, no. 8 (2010), doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9546-1.

164 Rae Myers et al., “Oncolytic Activities of Approved Mumps and Measles Vaccines for Therapy of Ovarian Cancer,” Cancer Gene Therapy 12, no. 7 (2005), doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700823.

165 S. J. Russell and K. W. Peng, “Measles Virus for Cancer Therapy,” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 330 (2009), doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70617-511; Stephen J. Russell et al., “Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy and Opposition to Measles Vaccination,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 94, no. 9 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.006.

166 Mel Greaves, “A Causal Mechanism for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia,” Nature Reviews Cancer 18, no. 8 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0015-6.

167 P. Correa and M. B. Piazuelo, “Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Adenocarcinoma,” US Gastroenterology and Hepatology Review 7, no. 1 (2011), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857882; Meira Epplein et al., “Race, African Ancestry, and Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Low-Income United States Population,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 20, no. 5 (2011), doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1258.

168 Correa and Piazuelo, “Helicobacter pylori Infection.”

169 David E. Elliott, Robert W. Summers, and Joel V. Weinstock, “Helminths as Governors of Immune-Mediated Inflammation,” International Journal for Parasitology 37, no. 5 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.009.

170 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cancer Incidence Among African Americans, United States, 2007–2016, USCS Data Brief, no. 15 (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).

171 Correa and Piazuelo, “Helicobacter pylori Infection.”

172 S. Lederer, “‘Porto Ricochet’: Joking About Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s,” American Literary History 14, no. 4 (2002), www.jstor.org/stable/3568022.

173 Eric T. Rosenthal, “The Rhoads Not Given,” Oncology Times 25, no. 17 (2003), doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000290560.69715.bf.

174 Ibid.; Lederer, “‘Porto Ricochet.’”

175 “Cancer Fighter, Cornelius P. Rhoads,” Time, June 27, 1949.

176 Susan L. Smith, “War! What Is It Good For? Mustard Gas Medicine,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 189, no. 8 (2017), doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161032.

177 Matthew Tontonoz, “Beyond Magic Bullets: Helen Coley Nauts and the Battle for Immunotherapy,” Cancer Research Institute, April 1, 2015, tinyurl.com/by4vdoli.

178 J. Couzin-Frankel, “Cancer Immunotherapy,” Science 342, no. 6165 (2013), doi.org/10.1126/science.342.6165.1432.

179 Filipe Martins et al., “Adverse Effects of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: Epidemiology, Management and Surveillance,” Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 16, no. 9 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0218-0.

180 Antoni Ribas and Jedd D. Wolchok, “Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade,” Science 359, no. 6382 (2018), doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4060.

181 Ibid.

182 Ibid.; Couzin-Frankel, “Cancer Immunotherapy”; Jedd D. Wolchok et al., “Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma,” New England Journal of Medicine 377, no. 14 (2017), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1709684; F. S. Hodi et al., “Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab or Nivolumab Alone Versus Ipilimumab Alone in Advanced Melanoma (Checkmate 067): 4-Year Outcomes of a Multicentre, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial,” Lancet Oncology 19, no. 11 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30700-9; D. F. McDermott et al., “Quality-Adjusted Survival of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab or Nivolumab Alone Versus Ipilimumab Alone Among Treatment-Naive Patients with Advanced Melanoma: A Quality-Adjusted Time Without Symptoms or Toxicity (Q-Twist) Analysis,” Quality of Life Research 28, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1984-3.

183 Ribas and Wolchok, “Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade”; Martins et al., “Adverse Effects of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.”

184 Ribas and Wolchok, “Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade.”

185 Martins et al., “Adverse Effects of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.”

186 Ibid.; McDermott et al., “Quality-Adjusted Survival of Nivolumab.”

187 A. Andrews, “Treating with Checkpoint Inhibitors — Figure $1 Million per Patient,” American Health and Drug Benefits 8, spec. issue (2015), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380599.

188 Freddie Bray et al., “Global Cancer Statistics 2018: Globocan Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 68, no. 6 (2018), doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492; Wenpeng You and Maciej Henneberg, “Cancer Incidence Increasing Globally: The Role of Relaxed Natural Selection,” Evolutionary Applications 11, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1111/eva.12523.

189 Bray et al., “Global Cancer Statistics 2018”; J. Ferlay et al., “Estimating the Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 2018: Globocan Sources and Methods,” International Journal of Cancer 144, no. 8 (2019), doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31937.

190 T. Luzzati, A. Parenti, and T. Rughi, “Economic Growth and Cancer Incidence,” Ecological Economics 146 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.031.

191 A. Kapoor, “A Train Offers Hope to Punjab’s Patients with Cancer but It Isn’t Enough,” BMJ 349 (2014), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4484.

192 David Pimentel, “Green Revolution Agriculture and Chemical Hazards,” Science of the Total Environment 188 (1996), doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05280-1.

193 Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes, and Ian C. Munro, “Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31, no. 2 (2000), doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1371.カレー・ギラムの研究がきわめて重要である．以下を参照のこと．Carey Gillam, Whitewash: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2017), and Carey Gillam, The Monsanto Papers: Deadly Secrets, Corporate Corruption, and One Man’s Search for Justice (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2021).

194 Rebecca L. Siegel, Kimberly D. Miller, and Ahmedin Jemal, “Colorectal Cancer Mortality Rates in Adults Aged 20 to 54 Years in the United States, 1970–2014,” JAMA 318, no. 6 (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.7630; Rebecca L. Siegel et al., “Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974–2013,” JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 109, no. 8 (2017), doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw322.

195 Charles M. Benbrook, “Trends in Glyphosate Herbicide Use in the United States and Globally,” Environmental Sciences Europe 28, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0.

196 IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, “Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides,” IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 112 (Lyon, 2015).

197 S. Thongprakaisang et al., “Glyphosate Induces Human Breast Cancer Cells Growth Via Estrogen Receptors,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.057.

198 Wisanti Laohaudomchok et al., “Pesticide Use in Thailand: Current Situation, Health Risks, and Gaps in Research and Policy,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal (2020), doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1808777.

199 Virginia A. Rauh et al., “Impact of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3 Years of Life Among Inner-City Children,” Pediatrics 118, no. 6 (2006), doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0338.

200 Agence France Presse, “Thailand to Ban Glyphosate and Other High-Profile Pesticides,” France 24, October 22, 2019, tinyurl.com/p7xj4yev.

201 モンサント社に対する損害賠償請求訴訟の原告代理人を務める法律事務所の一つが，グリホサートを禁じている国や地域のリストを今も更新して，公開している．“Where Is Glyphosate Banned?” Baum Hedlund, December 2020, tinyurl.com/hcg79elx.

202 D. Kubsad et al., “Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Pathologies and Sperm Epimutations: Generational Toxicology,” Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42860-0.

203 Michael K. Skinner, Mohan Manikkam, and Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna, “Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Environmental Factors in Disease Etiology,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 21, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.007; Michael K. Skinner, “Environmental Stress and Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance,” BMC Medicine 12, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0153-y.

204 Erika Hayasaki, “Identical Twins Hint at How Environments Change Gene Expression,” The Atlantic, May 15, 2018, tinyurl.com/1irqlske.

205 Luiz Carlos Caires-Junior et al., “Discordant Congenital Zika Syndrome Twins Show Differential in Vitro Viral Susceptibility of Neural Progenitor Cells,” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02790-9.

206 R. Holliday and J. E. Pugh, “DNA Modification Mechanisms and Gene Activity During Development,” Science 187, no. 4173 (1975), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1111098; Kubsad et al., “Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic.”

207 Lisa D. Moore, Thuc Le, and Guoping Fan, “DNA Methylation and Its Basic Function,” Neuropsychopharmacology 38, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.112; Adrian Ruiz-Hernandez et al., “Environmental Chemicals and DNA Methylation in Adults: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence,” Clinical Epigenetics 7, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0055-7.

208 Ruiz-Hernandez et al., “Environmental Chemicals and DNA Methylation.”

209 Kubsad et al., “Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic.”

210 Stephanie J. Waterman, “Home-Going as a Strategy for Success Among Haudenosaunee College and University Students,” Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice 49, no. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2012-6378.

211 Axel Adams, Matthew Friesen, and Roy Gerona, “Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Across the United States in Urine and Tap Water Using High-Fidelity LC-MS,” Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology, Perth, Australia, 2015, www.apamt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PosterPresentation34.pdf.

212 Paul J. Mills et al., “Excretion of the Herbicide Glyphosate in Older Adults Between 1993 and 2016,” JAMA 318, no. 16 (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11726.

213 John Fagan et al., “Organic Diet Intervention Significantly Reduces Urinary Glyphosate Levels in U.S. Children and Adults,” Environmental Research 189 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109898.

214 Chelsea M. Rochman and Timothy Hoellein, “The Global Odyssey of Plastic Pollution,” Science 368, no. 6496 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4428; Philip J. Landrigan et al., “The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health,” The Lancet 391, no. 10119 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32345-0.

215 Aubrey K. Hubbard et al., “Trends in International Incidence of Pediatric Cancers in Children Under 5 Years of Age: 1988–2012,” JNCI Cancer Spectrum 3, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz007.

216 Sumit Gupta et al., “Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Survival in Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review,” PLOS One 9, no. 2 (2014), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089482.

217 Debra J. Salazar et al., “Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the U.S. States, 1990–2014,” Social Science Quarterly 100, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12608.

218 Tony Castanha, The Myth of Indigenous Caribbean Extinction: Continuity and Reclamation in Borikén (Puerto Rico) (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).

219 J. C. Martinez-Cruzado et al., “Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Substantial Native American Ancestry in Puerto Rico,” Human Biology 73, no. 4 (2001), www.jstor.org/stable/41466825?seq=1.

220 Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall, “Between the Foreign and the Domestic: The Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation, Invented and Reinvented,” in Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution, ed. Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001); Lisa Maria Perez, “Citizenship Denied: The ‘Insular Cases’ and the Fourteenth Amendment,” Virginia Law Review 94, no. 4 (2008): 1039.

221 Naomi Klein, The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018)［ナオミ・クライン『楽園をめぐる闘い――災害資本主義者に立ち向かうプエルトリコ』星野真志訳，堀之内出版，2019］．

222 Maricruz Rivera-Hernandez et al., “Quality of Care for White and Hispanic Medicare Advantage Enrollees in the United States and Puerto Rico,” JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 6 (2016), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0267.

223 Nishant Kishore et al., “Mortality in Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria,” New England Journal of Medicine 379, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa1803972.

224 Tamar Adler, “The Young Farmers Behind Puerto Rico’s Food Revolution,” Vogue, June 20, 2018, tinyurl .com/yjmogsfm.

225 Joy E. Lin et al., “Associations of Childhood Adversity and Adulthood Trauma with C-Reactive Protein: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 53 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.015; Aoife O’Donovan et al., “Lifetime Exposure to Traumatic Psychological Stress Is Associated with Elevated Inflammation in the Heart and Soul Study,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26, no. 4 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.003; Aoife O’Donovan and Thomas C. Neylan, “Associations of Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Inflammation and Endothelial Function: On Timing, Specificity, and Mechanisms,” Biological Psychiatry 82, no. 12 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.002.

226 S. Entringer et al., “Stress Exposure in Intrauterine Life Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Young Adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 33 (2011), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107759108.

227 Aoife O’Donovan et al., “Childhood Trauma Associated with Short Leukocyte Telomere Length in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” Biological Psychiatry 70, no. 5 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.035.

228 Frank Edwards, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito, “Risk of Being Killed by Police Use of Force in the United States by Age, Race-Ethnicity, and Sex,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, no. 34 (2019), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821204116.

229 Michael J. McFarland et al., “Perceived Unfair Treatment by Police, Race, and Telomere Length: A Nashville Community-Based Sample of Black and White Men,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1177/0022146518811144.

230 O’Donovan et al., “Childhood Trauma Associated.”

231 Vesna Gorenjak et al., “Telomere Length Determinants in Childhood,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 58, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0235.

232 Calvin B. Harley, A. Bruce Futcher, and Carol W. Greider, “Telomeres Shorten During Ageing of Human Fibroblasts,” Nature 345, no. 6274 (1990), doi.org/10.1038/345458a0; R. C. Allsopp et al., “Telomere Shortening Is Associated with Cell Division in Vitro and in Vivo,” Experimental Cell Research 220, no. 1 (1995), doi.org/10.1006/excr.1995.1306.

233 Utz Herbig et al., “Telomere Shortening Triggers Senescence of Human Cells Through a Pathway Involving ATM, p53, and p21CIP1, but Not P16INK4a,” Molecular Cell 14, no. 4 (2004), doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00256-4.

234 Janet Lindsey et al., “In Vivo Loss of Telomeric Repeats with Age in Humans,” Mutation Research/DNAging 256, no. 1 (1991), doi.org/10.1016/0921-8734(91)90032-7.

235 E. Epel, “How ‘Reversible’ Is Telomeric Aging?,” Cancer Prevention Research 5, no. 10 (2012), doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0370.

236 Gorenjak et al., “Telomere Length Determinants in Childhood.”

237 Manish Kumar, Werner Seeger, and Robert Voswinckel, “Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype and Its Possible Role in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 51, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0382ps; Katri Savolainen et al., “Associations Between Early Life Stress, Self-Reported Traumatic Experiences Across the Lifespan and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Elderly Adults,” Biological Psychology 97 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.002; Masahiro Irie et al., “Relationships Between Perceived Workload, Stress and Oxidative DNA Damage,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74, no. 2 (2001), doi.org/10.1007/s004200000209; Masahiro Irie et al., “Depressive State Relates to Female Oxidative DNA Damage Via Neutrophil Activation,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 311, no. 4 (2003), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.105; Xiao Zhang et al., “Republished: Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals and Telomere Length in Human Studies,” Postgraduate Medical Journal 89, no. 1058 (2013), doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-101350rep; E. S. Epel et al., “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 49 (2004), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407162101.

238 Entringer et al., “Stress Exposure in Intrauterine Life.”

239 McFarland et al., “Perceived Unfair Treatment by Police.”

240 O’Donovan et al., “Childhood Trauma Associated”; Lawrence H. Price et al., “Telomeres and Early-Life Stress: An Overview,” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.025.

241 Youli Yao et al., “Ancestral Exposure to Stress Epigenetically Programs Preterm Birth Risk and Adverse Maternal and Newborn Outcomes,” BMC Medicine 12, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0121-6.

242 Epel, “How ‘Reversible’ Is Telomeric Aging?”; Elissa Epel et al., “Can Meditation Slow Rate of Cellular Aging? Cognitive Stress, Mindfulness, and Telomeres,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1172, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04414.x.

243 N. P. Kellermann, “Epigenetic Transmission of Holocaust Trauma: Can Nightmares Be Inherited?,” Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 50, no. 1 (2013), www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24029109.

244 Maria J. Molina et al., “Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Associated Comorbidities in Puerto Rico,” JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 13, no. 4 (2007), doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0b013e318124a8af.

245 M. Molokhia and P. McKeigue, “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Genes Versus Environment in High Risk Populations,” Lupus 15, no. 11 (2006), doi.org/10.1177/.

246 Arndt Manzel et al., “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases,” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 14, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0404-6.

247 Julia Baudry et al., “Association of Frequency of Organic Food Consumption with Cancer Risk,” JAMA Internal Medicine 178, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4357; Elena C. Hemler, Jorge E. Chavarro, and Frank B. Hu, “Organic Foods for Cancer Prevention — Worth the Investment?,” JAMA Internal Medicine 178, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4363.

248 Kenneth Dorshkind, Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez, and Robert A. J. Signer, “The Ageing Immune System: Is It Ever Too Old to Become Young Again?,” Nature Reviews Immunology 9, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1038/nri2471; Julie A. Mattison et al., “Caloric Restriction Improves Health and Survival of Rhesus Monkeys,” Nature Communications 8, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14063.

249 The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets (Rome: FAO, 2020), xvi, doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en.

250 Sylvia Cremer, Sophie A. O. Armitage, and Paul Schmid-Hempel, “Social Immunity,” Current Biology 17, no. 16 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.008. See also S. C. Cotter and R. M. Kilner, “Personal Immunity Versus Social Immunity,” Behavioral Ecology 21, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq070.

251 Akhil Gupta, Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012).

252 World Bank, Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities: Ethekwini, South Africa Urban Environmental Profile (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016); Tara Saharan et al., “Comparing Governance and Bargaining of Livelihoods in Informal Settlements in Chennai and Ethekwini,” Cities (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.02.017.

253 Monika Kuffer et al., “Do We Underestimate the Global Slum Population?” paper presented at the Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Vannes, Frances, 2019, doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2019.8809066.

254 Jamie Bartram and Sandy Cairncross, “Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health,” PLOS Medicine 7, no. 11 (2010), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367.

255 Human Rights Watch, “They Have Robbed Me of My Life” Xenophobic Violence Against Non-Nationals in South Africa (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2020).掘っ立て小屋集落の共同体には，地域治安委員会という，ある種の警察のようなものが存在する．暴行や窃盗などの事件が起きたときには，この委員会が「加害者から被害者に対し，しかるべき賠償をさせます．加害者は集落から追放されることもあります」とジコーデは言う．レイプや殺人といった最も深刻な事件の場合は，国家の警察を呼ぶという．

256 Kerry Ryan Chance, Living Politics in South Africa’s Urban Shacklands (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018); Richard Pithouse, “Burning Message to the State in the Fire of Poor’s Rebellion,” Business Day (Johannesburg), July 23, 2009; Richard Pithouse and Mark Butler, Lessons from Ethekwini: Pariahs Hold Their Ground Against a State That Is Both Criminal and Democratic (Pietermaritzburg: Association for Rural Advancement, 2007), abahlali .org/node/984; S’bu Zikode, “The Greatest Threat to Future Stability in Our Country Is the Greatest Strength of the Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement (SA) (Shackdwellers),” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1177/0021909607085642.

257 この共同体を理解する一つの方法として，フレッド・モーテンとステファノ・ハーメイの造語である「地下共有地（アンダーコモンズ）」という概念がある．以下を参照のこと．Stefano Harmey and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013).この理解は，アメリカとメキシコの国境で分断された土地に住むトホノ・オーダム・ネイションに通じる．その言語には，「国境」や「市民権」に当たる言葉がない．Fernanda Santos, “Border Wall Would Cleave Tribe, and Its Connection to Ancestral Land,” The New York Times, February 20, 2017, tinyurl.com/1whcxlqi.

258 Donna Haraway, “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,” Feminist Studies 14, no. 3 (1988): 586, doi.org/10.2307/3178066.以下も参照のこと．Lisa Weasel, “Dismantling the Self/Other Dichotomy in Science: Towards a Feminist Model of the Immune System,” Hypatia 16, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2001.tb01047.x.

第２章　循環系

1 Shigehisa Kuriyama, The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine (New York: Zone Books, 1999), 50.

2 Bureau of Ethnology, Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1896), 721, books.google.com/books?id=jJ1CAQAAMAAJ.

3 M. N. Jackson, “‘Heart Attack’ Symptoms and Decision-Making: The Case of Older Rural Women,” Rural Remote Health (2014), www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793837.

4 Kerstin Dudas et al., “Trends in Out-of-Hospital Deaths Due to Coronary Heart Disease in Sweden (1991 to 2006),” Circulation 123, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.110.964999.

5 Laxmi S. Mehta et al., “Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women,” Circulation 133, no. 9 (2016), doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000351.

6 D. Mozaffarian et al., “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 131, no. 4 (2015), doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152.

7 Brad N. Greenwood, Seth Carnahan, and Laura Huang, “Patient-Physician Gender Concordance and Increased Mortality Among Female Heart Attack Patients,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 34 (2018), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800097115.

8 Yusuke Tsugawa et al., “Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians” JAMA Internal Medicine 177, no. 2 (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875.

9 Debra L. Roter, Judith A. Hall, and Yutaka Aoki, “Physician Gender Effects in Medical Communication,” JAMA 288, no. 6 (2002), doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.6.756; Magnus Baumhakel, Ulrike Muller, and Michael Bohm, “Influence of Gender of Physicians and Patients on Guideline-Recommended Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure in a Cross-Sectional Study,” European Journal of Heart Failure 11, no. 3 (2009), doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfn041.

10 Jennifer P. Stevens et al., “Comparison of Hospital Resource Use and Outcomes Among Hospitalists, Primary Care Physicians, and Other Generalists,” JAMA Internal Medicine (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5824.

11 Leslie Kane, Medscape Physician Compensation Report (2019), www.medscape.com/slideshow/2019-compensation-overview-6011286#3.

12 Sarah Jaffe, Work Won’t Love You Back: How Devotion to Our Jobs Keeps Us Exploited, Exhausted, and Alone (New York: Hachette Books, 2021); Christina Maslach, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, and Michael P. Leiter, “Job Burnout,” Annual Review of Psychology 52, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397; Nathalie Embriaco et al., “Burnout Syndrome Among Critical Care Healthcare Workers,” Current Opinion in Critical Care 13, no. 5 (2007), doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282efd28a.

13 Judith Johnson et al., “Mental Healthcare Staff Well-Being and Burnout: A Narrative Review of Trends, Causes, Implications, and Recommendations for Future Interventions,” International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 27, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1111/inm.12416; Takahiro Matsuo et al., “Prevalence of Health Care Worker Burnout During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic in Japan,” JAMA Network Open 3, no. 8 (2020), doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17271.

14 InCrowd, 2019 Physician Burnout Survey (2019), incrowdnow.com/syndicated-reports/physician-burnout-2019.

15 Mark W. Friedberg et al., “Factors Affecting Physician Professional Satisfaction and Their Implications for Patient Care, Health Systems, and Health Policy,” RAND Health Quarterly 3, no. 4 (2014), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28083306/.

16 Tait D. Shanafelt et al., “Relationship Between Clerical Burden and Characteristics of the Electronic Environment with Physician Burnout and Professional Satisfaction,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 91, no. 7 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.007.

17 Jari J. Hakanen, Arnold B Bakker, and Markku Jokisaari, “A 35-Year Follow-up Study on Burnout Among Finnish Employees,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 16, no. 3 (2011), tinyurl.com/1k2bekcf.

18 Kea Tijdens, Daniel H. De Vries, and Stephanie Steinmetz, “Health Workforce Remuneration: Comparing Wage Levels, Ranking, and Dispersion of 16 Occupational Groups in 20 Countries,” Human Resources for Health 11, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-11; Sigrid Drager, Mario R. Dal Poz, and David B. Evans, “Health Workers Wages: An Overview from Selected Countries,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006), tinyurl.com/1tp1ly6b.

19 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (reprint New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)［トマス・ホッブズ『リヴァイアサン』2，水田洋訳，岩波文庫，改訳版，1992，p. 145］．以下も参照のこと．Christoffer Basse Eriksen, “Circulation of Blood and Money in Leviathan—Hobbes on the Economy of the Body,” in History of Economic Rationalities: Economic Reasoning as Knowledge and Practice Authority, ed. Jakob Bek-Thomsen et al. (Cham: Springer International, 2017).

20 Hobbes, Leviathan, 167［ホッブズ『リヴァイアサン』2，p. 144］．マルクスも，お金を動かさずにおいても何の役にも立たないことを知っていた．価値が生まれるためには，お金を動かし，交換しなければならない，と．Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, trans. Ben Fowkes (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books 1978)［ここではマルクス『資本論』の具体的な参照箇所は示されていないが，たとえば第1巻第2篇第4章「貨幣の資本への変容」第1節「資本の一般式」の以下のくだりなど．「110ポンドは，いったん貨幣として支出されてしまえばそこでお役ご免となる．それは資本であることをやめる．流通からはずれてしまえばそれは退蔵貨幣と化し，この世の終わりまでため込んでみてもびた一文増えることはない．しかしいったん価値の増殖をめざすとなれば，元手が100ポンドであろうが110ポンドであろうが，増殖への欲求はまったく変わらない．［……］資本としての貨幣の流通は自己目的である．なぜなら価値増殖はたえず更新されるこの運動の内部にしか存在しないからである．資本の運動にはしたがって際限がない」．（カール・マルクス『資本論 第一巻 上』今村仁司，三島憲一，鈴木直訳，筑摩書房，2005，p. 225–226）］．

21 Hobbes, Leviathan, 220［ホッブズ『リヴァイアサン』2，p. 253］．カレン・フェルドマンが指摘するように，「ここでホッブズが用いている隠喩は，国家の安定を脅かす危険を表わしているが，それによって公権力が善悪の判断を失う危険に対する懸念も射程に入っている」ことはたしかである．Karen S. Feldman, “Conscience and the Concealments of Metaphor in Hobbes’s ‘Leviathan,’” Philosophy and Rhetoric 34, no. 1 (2001): 21, www.jstor.org/stable/40238078; Eugene F. Miller, “Metaphor and Political Knowledge,” American Political Science Review 73, no. 1 (1979), doi.org/10.2307/1954738.

22 Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), 78–79［ラジ・パテル，ジェイソン・W・ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』福井昌子訳，作品社，2025］．

23 Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Born with a ‘Silver Spoon’: The Origin of World Trade in 1571,” Journal of World History 6, no. 2 (1995), www.jstor.org/stable/20078638.銀の30％が，大英帝国の貿易商を介して最終的に中国に渡ったことに留意すべきである．

24 Nicholas A. Robins, Mercury, Mining, and Empire: The Human and Ecological Cost of Colonial Silver Mining in the Andes (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011).

25 Ibid., 27; Nicole Hagan et al., “Estimating Historical Atmospheric Mercury Concentrations from Silver Mining and Their Legacies in Present-Day Surface Soil in Potosi, Bolivia,” Atmospheric Environment 45, no. 40 (2011), doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.009

26 Robins, Mercury, Mining, and Empire.

27 Robin A. Bernhoft, “Mercury Toxicity and Treatment: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012), doi.org/10.1155/2012/460508.

28 Patel and Moore, History of the World in Seven Cheap Things［パテル，ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』］．

29 Raquel Gil Montero, “Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” International Review of Social History 56, no. S19 (2011).

30 Robins, Mercury, Mining, and Empire, 168.

31 David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (New York: Melville House, 2011)［デヴィッド・グレーバー『負債論――貨幣と暴力の5000年』酒井隆史監訳，以文社，2016］．

32 Robins, Mercury, Mining, and Empire, 139.

33 ある学者が指摘しているように，「植民地化され，束縛され，『主流』の社会や世界との直接的な政治的関係を奪い取られるまでは，誰も本物の『原始人』にはなれない」．Prathama Banerjee, “Debt, Time and Extravagance: Money and the Making of ‘Primitives’ in Colonial Bengal,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 37, no. 4 (2000): 425, doi.org/10.1177/001946460003700402. 以下に引用されている．Tania Murray Li, “Indigeneity, Capitalism, and the Management of Dispossession,” Current Anthropology 51, no. 3 (2010): 389, doi.org/10.1086/651942.

34 Charles F. Walker, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).

35 Melissa Dell, “The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita,” Econometrica 78, no. 6 (2010), doi.org/10.3982/ecta8121.

36 Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007)［ナオミ・クライン『ショック・ドクトリン――惨事便乗型資本主義の正体を暴く』上下巻，幾島幸子，村上由見子訳，岩波書店，2011］；Graeber, Debt［グレーバー『負債論』］．今日の先住民コミュニティは，文化や観光を売ることで借金を返済するよう唆されている．Bunten Alexis Celeste, “More Like Ourselves: Indigenous Capitalism Through Tourism,” American Indian Quarterly 34, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.5250/amerindiquar.34.3.285.

37 ガレアーノは次のように指摘してもいる．ウルグアイでは軍隊は「本を燃やさない．今は製紙工場に売るのだ．製紙工場はそれを切り刻んでパルプとして消費者市場に送り返す．マルクスが一般に出回っていないというのは事実ではない．出回ってはいるのだ．ただし本という形ではなく，紙ナプキンという形で，である」． Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997), 307［エドゥアルド・ガレアーノ『収奪された大地――ラテンアメリカ五百年』大久保光夫訳，藤原書店，新装版，1997］．

38 US Department of Agriculture, “Farms and Land in Farms: 2019 Summary” (2020), www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/TodaysReports/reports/fnlo0220.pdf; US Department of Agriculture, “Tailored Report—Report: Farm Business Income Statement, Subject: Farm Operator Households, Filter 1: Economic Class > Less Than $100,000, Region: All Survey States,” in Economic Research Service and National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) (Kansas City, MO: US Department of Agriculture, 2021).

39 Garrett Graddy-Lovelace, “U.S. Farm Policy as Fraught Populism: Tracing the Scalar Tensions of Nationalist Agricultural Governance,” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1551722.

40 Vishav Bharti, “Indebtedness and Suicides: Field Notes on Agricultural Labourers of Punjab,” Economic and Political Weekly 46, no. 14 (2011), tinyurl.com/vd8zxl1r; Francisco J. Limon et al., “Latino Farmworkers and Under-Detection of Depression: A Review of the Literature,” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 40, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1177/0739986318762457; Wendy Ringgenberg et al., “Trends and Characteristics of Occupational Suicide and Homicide in Farmers and Agriculture Workers, 1992–2010,” Journal of Rural Health 34, no. 3 (2018), doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12245; Marc B. Schenker, “A Global Perspective of Migration and Occupational Health,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20834; Raj Patel, Stuffed and Starved: Markets, Power and the Hidden Battle for the World Food System (London: Portobello Books, 2007).

41 Howard Meltzer et al., “The Relationship Between Personal Debt and Specific Common Mental Disorders,” European Journal of Public Health 23, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks021.

42 Thomas Richardson, Peter Elliott, and Ronald Roberts, “The Relationship Between Personal Unsecured Debt and Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 8 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.009.

43 Elizabeth Sweet, Christopher W. Kuzawa, and Thomas W. McDade, “Short-Term Lending: Payday Loans as Risk Factors for Anxiety, Inflammation and Poor Health,” SSM—Population Health 5 (2018): 115, doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.05.009.

44 Ibid.

45 G. D. Batty et al., “Association of Systemic Inflammation with Risk of Completed Suicide in the General Population,” JAMA Psychiatry 73, no. 9 (2016), doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1805; G. David Batty et al., “Systemic Inflammation and Suicide Risk: Cohort Study of 419 527 Korean Men and Women,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 7 (2018), doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210086.

46 Elizabeth Sweet et al., “The High Price of Debt: Household Financial Debt and Its Impact on Mental and Physical Health,” Social Science and Medicine 91 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009.

47 David Harvey, “Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography—Crises, Geographic Disruptions and the Uneven Development of Political Responses,” Economic Geography 87, no. 1 (2011): 5, doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01105.x.

48 Sweet et al., “High Price of Debt.”

49 Christophe Andre, “Household Debt in OECD Countries: Stylised Facts and Policy Issues,” The Narodowy Bank Polski Workshop: Recent Trends in the Real Estate Market and Its Analysis—2015 Edition (2016), ssrn.com/abstract=2841634.富者の借金がどれほどの額かは問題ではない．資産があれば，借金するとしてもそれはボートを買ったり，別荘を買ったりするためである．借金だけに注目するよりも，借金と資産の比率を見る方が苦境の指標としてはふさわしい．より一般的には貧困と，そして資源が最も切実にそれを求めている人びとのもとに循環してこないことが，われわれが一番に懸念すべきことのように思われる．たとえばチリの年金受給者の自殺率は，80歳以上で10％を超えている．これは年金制度が民営化され，ひとたび経済活動からリタイアするや，年金給付から切り捨てられるように制度変更されたためである．Suelen Carlos de Oliveira, Cristiani Vieira Machado, and Alex Alarcon Hein, “Social Security Reforms in Chile: Lessons for Brazil,” Cadernos de saude publica 35 (2019).

50 Patricia Drentea and Paul J. Lavrakas, “Over the Limit: The Association Among Health, Race and Debt,” Social Science and Medicine 50, no. 4 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00298-1.

51 Allan Garland, “Effects of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Health Events on Work and Earnings: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study,” CMAJ (2019), doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181238.

52 Javier Valero-Elizondo et al., “Financial Hardship from Medical Bills Among Nonelderly U.S. Adults with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.004.

53 Stephen Y. Wang et al., “Longitudinal Associations Between Income Changes and Incident Cardiovascular Disease,” JAMA Cardiology 4, no. 12 (2019), doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3788.

54 Tali Elfassy et al., “Associations of Income Volatility with Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in a US Cohort,” Circulation 139, no. 7 (2019), doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.035521.

55 Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, eds., Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (London: Taylor & Francis, 2006), 7.

56 Edward P. Havranek, “The Influence of Social and Economic Factors on Heart Disease,” JAMA Cardiology 4, no. 12 (2019), doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3802.

57 Sally C. Curtin, “Trends in Cancer and Heart Disease Death Rates Among Adults Aged 45–64: United States, 1999–2017,” National Vital Statistics Reports 68, no. 5 (2019), stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/78673.

58 G. P. Chrousos, “Stress and Disorders of the Stress System,” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 5, no. 7 (2009), doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.106.

59 Ilia J. Elenkov and George P. Chrousos, “Stress Hormones, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Cytokines, and Autoimmunity,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 966, no. 1 (2002), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04229.x.

60 S. M. Smith and W. W. Vale, “The Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8, no. 4 (2006), doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith.

61 Toral R. Patel, “Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System,” in Nerves and Nerve Injuries (2015), doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410390-0.00038-X.

62 Bruce S. McEwen, “Stress and the Individual,” Archives of Internal Medicine 153, no. 18 (1993), doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004.

63 Andrew Steptoe, Mark Hamer, and Yoichi Chida, “The Effects of Acute Psychological Stress on Circulating Inflammatory Factors in Humans: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21, no. 7 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.011; A. L. Marsland et al., “The Effects of Acute Psychological Stress on Circulating and Stimulated Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Brain Behavior Immunology 64 (2017), doi.org /10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.011.f; Michael Maes et al., “The Effects of Psychological Stress on Humans: Increased Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Th1-Like Response in Stress-Induced Anxiety,” Cytokine 10, no. 4 (1998), doi.org/10.1006/cyto.1997.0290.

64 Steptoe, Hamer, and Chida, “Effects of Acute Psychological Stress”; Simon A. Jones et al., “C-Reactive Protein: A Physiological Activator of Interleukin 6 Receptor Shedding,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 189, no. 3 (1999), doi.org/10.1084/jem.189.3.599.CRPはIL-6受容体の分泌を増加させる．これによってIL-6による炎症誘発性のシグナル伝達が全身に及ぶのである．

65 J. Scheller et al., “The Pro-and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Cytokine Interleukin-6,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1813, no. 5 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034.

66 C. Gabay, “Interleukin-6 and Chronic Inflammation,” Arthritis Research and Therapy 8, suppl. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.1186/ar1917; T. Tanaka, M. Narazaki, and T. Kishimoto, “IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6, no. 10 (2014), doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.

67 Scheller et al., “Pro-and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.”

68 Gabay, “Interleukin-6 and Chronic Inflammation.”

69 Scheller et al., “Pro-and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.”

70 S. Cohen et al., “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 16 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118355109.

71 McEwen, “Stress and the Individual.”

72 Cohen et al., “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance.”

73 Maes et al., “Effects of Psychological Stress on Humans.”

74 Sweet, Kuzawa, and McDade, “Short-Term Lending.”

75 Agorastos Agorastos et al., “Early Life Stress and Trauma: Developmental Neuroendocrine Aspects of Prolonged Stress System Dysregulation,” Hormones 17 (2018), doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x; David Burgin et al., “Compounding Stress: Childhood Adversity as a Risk Factor for Adulthood Trauma Exposure in the Health and Retirement Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress (2020), doi.org/10.1002/jts.22617.

76 T. W. Pace et al., “Increased Stress-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Male Patients with Major Depression and Increased Early Life Stress,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 9 (2006), doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1630.

77 Paul H. Black and Lisa D. Garbutt, “Stress, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52, no. 1 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00302-6.

78 Michael K. Skinner, “Environmental Stress and Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance,” BMC Medicine 12, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0153-y; R. A. Waterland and R. L. Jirtle, “Early Nutrition, Epigenetic Changes at Transposons and Imprinted Genes, and Enhanced Susceptibility to Adult Chronic Diseases,” Nutrition 20, no. 1 (2004), doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2003.09.011; Ian C. G. Weaver et al., “Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior,” Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 8 (2004), doi.org/10.1038/nn1276.

79 Stephen G. Matthews and David I. Phillips, “Transgenerational Inheritance of Stress Pathology,” Experimental Neurology 233, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.009; Youli Yao et al., “Ancestral Exposure to Stress Epigenetically Programs Preterm Birth Risk and Adverse Maternal and Newborn Outcomes,” BMC Medicine 12, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0121-6.

80 Masahiro Irie et al., “Relationships Between Perceived Workload, Stress and Oxidative DNA Damage,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74, no. 2 (2001), doi.org/10.1007/s004200000209.

81 Ibid.

82 Naoko Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism for Induction of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and Its Role in Ageing and Cancer Development,” Journal of Biochemistry 166, no. 4 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvz055; Francis Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage Signalling Triggers Senescence-Associated Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion,” Nature Cell Biology 11, no. 8 (2009), doi.org/10.1038/ncb1909.

83 Ohtani, “Deciphering the Mechanism”; Rodier et al., “Persistent DNA Damage.”

84 Frej Fyhrquist, Outi Saijonmaa, and Timo Strandberg, “The Roles of Senescence and Telomere Shortening in Cardiovascular Disease,” Nature Reviews Cardiology 10, no. 5 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2013.30.

85 I. Kushner, D. Rzewnicki, and D. Samols, “What Does Minor Elevation of C-Reactive Protein Signify?,” American Journal of Medicine 119, no. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.06.057.

86 T. W. Pace et al., “Effect of Compassion Meditation on Neuroendocrine, Innate Immune and Behavioral Responses to Psychosocial Stress,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.011.

87 Marc Corbeels et al., “Limits of Conservation Agriculture to Overcome Low Crop Yields in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Nature Food 1, no. 7 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0114-x.

88 V. Lorant, “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Depression: A Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Epidemiology 157, no. 2 (2003), doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf182.

89 現在，合衆国は一人当たりの抗うつ薬消費量でアイスランドに次いで第2位に位置している．OECDは加盟国の医薬品消費に関するデータを「OECD.Stat」で公表している．2020年版のOECD保健統計の医薬品消費量の表に合衆国は掲載されていないが，CDC（疾病管理センター）が同じようなデータを提供している．2018年のアイスランドの1日当たりの抗うつ薬服用率は1000人当たり143.7人，2015年から18年にかけて合衆国で過去30日間に抗うつ薬を使用したことのある成人の割合が13.2％なので，アイスランドが合衆国よりほんの少し上回っている．Debra J. Brody and Qiuping Gu, National Center for Health Statistics: Antidepressant Use Among Adults: United States, 2015–2018 (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020), www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db377-H.pdf; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, “Recent International Trends in Psychotropic Medication Prescriptions for Children and Adolescents,” European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (2015), doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0631-y.

90 Laura A. Brody, Debra J. Pratt, and Qiuping Gu, National Center for Health Statistics: Antidepressant Use Among Adults: United States, 2005–2008 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2011), www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db377-H.pdf.

91 Steven Woloshin et al., “Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements for Prescription Drugs: What Are Americans Being Sold?,” The Lancet 358, no. 9288 (2001), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06254-7; Michael Ahn, Michael Batty, and Ralf Meisenzahl (2018). “Household Debt-to-Income Ratios in the Enhanced Financial Accounts,” FEDS Notes. (Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2018), doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2138.

92 Shmuel Tiosano et al., “The Impact of Tocilizumab on Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 50, no. 9 (2020), doi.org/10.1111/eci.13268.

93 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Tocilizumab (Actemra): Adult Patients with Moderately to Severely Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Common Drug Review (Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2015), table 1.

94 J. Semega et al., Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019, Current Population Reports (P60-270), US Census (2020).

95 David U. Himmelstein et al., “Medical Bankruptcy: Still Common Despite the Affordable Care Act,” American Journal of Public Health 109, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2018.304901.

96 Andrew Steptoe and Mika Kivimaki, “Stress and Cardiovascular Disease,” Nature Reviews Cardiology 9, no. 6 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45.

97 Black and Garbutt, “Stress, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease.”

98 Paul M. Ridker et al., “C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women,” New England Journal of Medicine 342, no. 12 (2000), doi.org/10.1056/nejm200003233421202.

99 James E. Dalen et al., “The Epidemic of the 20th Century: Coronary Heart Disease,” American Journal of Medicine 127, no. 9 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.015.

100 Yoriko Heianza et al., “Duration and Life-Stage of Antibiotic Use and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Women,” European Heart Journal 40, no. 47 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz231.

101 David G. Harrison et al., “Inflammation, Immunity, and Hypertension,” Hypertension 57, no. 2 (2011), doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.163576.

102 Goran K. Hansson, “Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 16 (2005), doi.org/10.1056/nejmra043430.

103 M. Ali et al., “Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease: From Pathophysiology to Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS),” Coronary Artery Disease 29, no. 5 (2018), doi.org/10.1097/MCA.0000000000000625.

104 Paul M. Ridker et al., “Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein,” New England Journal of Medicine 359, no. 21 (2008), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0807646.

105 Paul M. Ridker et al., “Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 377, no. 12 (2017), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1707914.

106 Alexandros Tsoupras, Ronan Lordan, and Ioannis Zabetakis, “Inflammation, Not Cholesterol, Is a Cause of Chronic Disease,” Nutrients 10, no. 5 (2018), doi.org/10.3390/nu10050604.

107 Penny M. Kris-Etherton, William S. Harris, and Lawrence J. Appel, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 23, no. 2 (2003), doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.0000057393.97337.ae.

108 C. Bates et al., “Plasma Essential Fatty Acids in Pure and Mixed Race American Indians On and Off a Diet Exceptionally Rich in Salmon,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine 17, no. 1 (1985), doi.org/10.1016/0262-1746(85)90036-8.

109 S. L. Seierstad et al., “Dietary Intake of Differently Fed Salmon; The Influence on Markers of Human Atherosclerosis,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 35, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01443.x.

110 James M. Helfield and Robert J. Naiman, “Effects of Salmon-Derived Nitrogen on Riparian Forest Growth and Implications for Stream Productivity,” Ecology 82, no. 9 (2001), doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2403:EOSDNO]2.0.CO;2.

111 Piers Mitchell, Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations (London: Routledge, 2015).

112 Patrick McCully, Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, enlarged & updated ed. (London: Zed Books, 2001)［パトリック・マッカリー『沈黙の川――ダムと人権・環境問題』鷲見一夫訳，築地書館，1998］．

113 国際大ダム会議は，大規模ダムを4階建ての高さ［15メートル］以上の堰を持つダムと定義している．Marcus Nusser, “Political Ecology of Large Dams: A Critical Review,” Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 147, no. 1 (2003).

114 Andreas Maeck et al., “Sediment Trapping by Dams Creates Methane Emission Hot Spots,” Environmental Science and Technology 47, no. 15 (2013), doi.org/10.1021/es4003907.

115 McCully, Silenced Rivers［マッカリー『沈黙の川』］．

116 Peter Molnar and Jorge A. Ramirez, “Energy Dissipation Theories and Optimal Channel Characteristics of River Networks,” Water Resources Research 34, no. 7 (1998), doi.org/10.1029/98wr00983.

117 G. M. Kondolf, “Profile: Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels,” Environmental Management 21, no. 4 (1997), doi.org/10.1007/s002679900048.

118 Bidisha Banerjee, Superhuman River: Stories of the Ganga (New Delhi: Aleph Book Company, 2020).

119 Cheryl Darlene Sanderson, “Nipiy Wasekimew / Clear Water: The Meaning of Water, from the Words of the Elders: The Interconnections of Health, Education, Law and the Environment,” Ph.D. diss, Simon Fraser University, 2008, 93.

120 Jane Griffith, “Do Some Work for Me: Settler Colonialism, Professional Communication, and Representations of Indigenous Water,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society 7, no. 1 (2018).

121 T. E. Reimchen, “Isotopic Evidence for Enrichment of Salmon-Derived Nutrients in Vegetation, Soil, and Insects in Riparian Zones in Coastal British Columbia,” American Fisheries Society 34 (2003), sfu.ca/~ianh /geog315/readings/Reimchen.pdf.

122 William Jobin, Sustainable Management for Dams and Waters (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1998), 191.

123 Maureen Nandini Mitra, “The Long Run Home,” Earth Island Journal, Spring 2018.

124 Reimchen, “Isotopic Evidence for Enrichment.”

125 P. C. Calder, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes,” Nutrients 2, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.3390/nu2030355.

126 Ramin Farzaneh-Far, “Association of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels with Telomeric Aging in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA 303, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2008.

127 L. Eve Armentrout-Ma, “Chinese in California’s Fishing Industry, 1850–1941,” California History 60, no. 2 (1981), online.ucpress.edu/ch/article-abstract/60/2/142/32089/Chinese-in-California-s-Fishing-Industry-1850-1941.

128 Barton DeLoach, “Important Factors Affecting the Marketing of Canned Salmon,” American Marketing Journal (1935), doi.org/10.2307/4291477.

129 Alan Lufkin, California’s Salmon and Steelhead: The Struggle to Restore an Imperiled Resource (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

130 Earl Leitritz, A History of California’s Fish Hatcheries 1870–1960 (Sacramento: California Department of Fish and Game, 1970), tinyurl.com/14wgzw79.

131 Lufkin, California’s Salmon and Steelhead.

132 Earl Leitritz, Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods) (Sacramento: California Department of Fish and Game, 1969), tinyurl.com/19tcbkw4［『ますとさけの養殖』長野県水産指導所，改訂版1963］；Livingston Stone, Domesticated Trout: How to Breed and Grow Them (Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1873), 78.

133 Gary Meffe, “Techno-Arrogance and Halfway Technologies: Salmon Hatcheries on the Pacific Coast of North America,” Conservation Biology 6, no. 3 (1992), conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030350.x.

134 Andrew Simms, Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations, 2nd ed. (London: Pluto Press, 2009)［アンドリュー・シムズ『生態学的債務』戸田清訳，緑風出版，2016］．

135 Lufkin, California’s Salmon and Steelhead, 82.

136 Emiliano Di Cicco et al., “Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (Hsmi) Disease Diagnosed on a British Columbia Salmon Farm Through a Longitudinal Farm Study,” PLOS One 12, no. 2 (2017), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171471.

137 R. A. Hites, “Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon,” Science 303, no. 5655 (2004), doi.org/10.1126/science.1091447.

138 Anne-Katrine Lundebye et al., “Lower Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Metals and the Marine Omega 3-Fatty Acid Dha in Farmed Compared to Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar),” Environmental Research 155 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026.

139 Lisa Kolden Midtbo et al., “Intake of Farmed Atlantic Salmon-Fed Soybean Oil Increases Hepatic Levels of Arachidonic Acid-Derived Oxylipins and Ceramides in Mice,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26, no. 6 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.005.

140 Armentrout-Ma, “Chinese in California’s Fishing Industry.”

141 Chris Friday, Organizing Asian American Labor: The Pacific Coast Canned-Salmon Industry, 1870–1942 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).

142 Bruce Nelson, “Class, Race and Democracy in the CIO: The ‘New’ Labor History Meets the ‘Wages of Whiteness,’” International Review of Social History 41, no. 3 (1996), doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000114051.

143 Yushi Yamazaki, “Radical Crossings: From Peasant Rebellions to Internationalist Multiracial Labor Organizing Among Japanese Immigrant Communities in Hawaii and California, 1885–1935,” Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 2015.

144 W. F. Elkins, “Black Power in the British West Indies: The Trinidad Longshoremen’s Strike of 1919,” Science and Society 33, no. 1 (1969), www.jstor.org/stable/40401392.

145 Johnna Montgomerie, “Giving Credit Where It’s Due: Public Policy and Household Debt in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada,” Policy and Society 25, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(06)70085-6.

146 Courtney Boen and Y. Claire Yang, “The Physiological Impacts of Wealth Shocks in Late Life: Evidence from the Great Recession,” Social Science and Medicine 150 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.029.

147 Aliza D. Richman, “Concurrent Social Disadvantages and Chronic Inflammation: The Intersection of Race and Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status,” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 5, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0424-3.

148 Jesse Bricker et al., “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2013 to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin 103, no. 3 (2017): 13, www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf17.pdf.

149 Jason Hickel, The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and Its Solutions (London: William Heinemann, 2017); Patrisse Cullors, “Abolition and Reparations: Histories of Resistance, Transformative Justice, and Accountability,” Harvard Law Review 132, no. 6 (2018): 1729.

150 UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, “Report on the Parlous State of Poverty Eradication,” A/HRC/44/40 (2020), ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Poverty/Pages/parlous.aspx.

151 David H. Rehkopf et al., “The Impact of a Private Sector Living Wage Intervention on Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Middle Income Country,” BMC Public Health 18, no. 1 (2018/01/25 2018), doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5052-2.また，血圧の上昇が現金給付と関連していることや，肥満率が貧困層の「資源不足」によってもたらされていることにもエビデンスはある．I. Forde et al., “The Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Women in Colombia on BMI and Obesity: Prospective Cohort Study,” International Journal of Obesity 36, no. 9 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.234; L. C. Fernald, P. J. Gertler, and X. Hou, “Cash Component of Conditional Cash Transfer Program Is Associated with Higher Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Adults,” Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 11 (Nov 2008), doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.090506; Emily J. Dhurandhar, “The Food-Insecurity Obesity Paradox: A Resource Scarcity Hypothesis,” Physiology and Behavior 162 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.025.

152 Emmanuel Jimenez et al., “School Effects and Costs for Private and Public Schools in the Dominican Republic,” International Journal of Educational Research 15, no. 5 (1991), doi.org/10.1016/0883-0355(91)90021-J.

153 Sarah Babb, “The Social Consequences of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Current Debates,” Annual Review of Sociology 31, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122258.

154 James Banks et al., “The SES Health Gradient on Both Sides of the Atlantic,” in Developments in the Economics of Aging, ed. David A. Wise (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Raj Patel, Stuffed and Starved: Markets, Power and the Hidden Battle for the World Food System (London: Portobello Books, 2007)［ラジ・パテル『肥満と飢餓――世界フード・ビジネスの不幸のシステム』佐久間智子訳，作品社，2010］．

155 Elizabeth A. Donnelly, “Making the Case for Jubilee: The Catholic Church and the Poor-Country Debt Movement,” Ethics and International Affairs 21, no. S1 (2007), doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00090.x; Stan Cox, The Green New Deal and Beyond: Ending the Climate Emergency While We Still Can (San Francisco: City Lights, 2020); Jason Hickel, Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World (London: William Heinemann, 2020)［ジェイソン・ヒッケル『資本主義の次に来る世界』野中香方子訳，東洋経済新報社，2023］．

156 Cullors, “Abolition and Reparations.”

157 Joel Millward-Hopkins et al., “Providing Decent Living with Minimum Energy: A Global Scenario,” Global Environmental Change 65 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168.

158 Sweet, Kuzawa, and McDade, “Short-Term Lending.”

159 Thanh Lu and Mark Stabile, “The Effect of Payday Lending Restrictions on Suicide and Fatal Poisonings,” paper presented at the ninth annual conference of the American Society of Health Economists, 2020, 3.

160 Deborah M. Figart and Mariam Majd, “The Public Bank Movement: A Response to Local Economic Development and Infrastructure Needs in Three U.S. States,” Challenge 59, no. 6 (2016), doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2016.1239962.

161 Data on debt relief providing respite are from Bernhard G. Gunter, “What’s Wrong with the HIPC Initiative and What’s Next?,” Development Policy Review 20, no. 1 (2002), doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00154.

162 Angela T. Bednarek, “Undamming Rivers: A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal,” Environmental Management 27, no. 6 (2001), doi.org/10.1007/s002670010189.

163 Thomas P. Quinn et al., “Re-Awakening Dormant Life History Variation: Stable Isotopes Indicate Anadromy in Bull Trout Following Dam Removal on the Elwha River, Washington,” Environmental Biology of Fishes 100, no. 12 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0676-0.

164 Liuyong Ding et al., “Global Trends in Dam Removal and Related Research: A Systematic Review Based on Associated Datasets and Bibliometric Analysis,” Chinese Geographical Science 29, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-1009-8.

165 Anna V. Smith, “The Klamath River Now Has the Legal Rights of a Person,” High Country News, 2019, tinyurl.com/ybgu89jr.

166 Hannah Gosnell and Erin Clover Kelly, “Peace on the River? Social-Ecological Restoration and Large Dam Removal in the Klamath Basin, USA,” Water Alternatives 3, no. 2 (2010).

第３章　消化系

1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origins and Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind (London, 1761), 97［ジャン゠ジャック・ルソー『人間不平等起源論』中山元訳，光文社古典新訳文庫Kindle版，2013，第二部冒頭］．

2 Stephen Best and Saidiya Hartman, “Fugitive Justice,” Representations 92, no.1 (2005): 11, doi.org/10.1525/rep.2005.92.1.1.

3 Ron Sender, Shai Fuchs, and Ron Milo, “Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans,” Cell 164, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1016 /j.cell.2016.01.013.

4 Sudabeh Alatab et al., “The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30333-4.

5 D. G. Thompson, “Structure and Function of the Gut,” in Oxford Textbook of Medicine, ed. Timothy M. Cox and David A. Warrell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

6 Ricardo Cavicchioli et al., “Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: Microorganisms and Climate Change,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17, no. 9 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5.

7 A. Almeida et al., “A New Genomic Blueprint of the Human Gut Microbiota,” Nature 568, no. 7753 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0965-1.

8 Lynn Margulis and Rene Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).

9 Gabriele Berg et al., “Microbiome Definition Re-Visited: Old Concepts and New Challenges,” Microbiome 8, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0.

10 J. M. Whipps, Karen Lewis, and R. C. Cooke, “Mycoparasitism and Plant Disease Control,” in Fungi in Biological Control Systems, ed. N. M. Burge (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 176.

11 Cassandra Willyard, “Expanded Human Gene Tally Reignites Debate,” Nature 558, no. 7710 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05462 -w.

12 B. T. Tierney et al., “The Landscape of Genetic Content in the Gut and Oral Human Microbiome,” Cell Host and Microbe 26, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.008.

13 Jason Lloyd-Price et al., “Strains, Functions and Dynamics in the Expanded Human Microbiome Project,” Nature 550, no. 7674 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/nature23889.

14 Tierney et al., “Landscape of Genetic Content.”

15 Maria Rooseboom, “Leeuwenhoek, the Man: A Son of His Nation and His Time,” Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science 1, no. 4 (1950), www.jstor.org/stable/4024784.

16 P. Smit and J. Heniger, “Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and the Discovery of Bacteria,” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41, no. 1 (1975), doi.org/10.1007/bf02565057.

17 E. J. T. Collins, “Food Adulteration and Food Safety in Britain in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries,” Food Policy 18, no. 2 (1993), doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(93)90018-7; Friedrich Christian Accum, A Treatise on Adulterations of Food, and Culinary Poisons ... (London, 1820).

18 John Strachan, “The Pasteurization of Algeria?,” French History 20, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/10.1093/fh/crl011; Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988)［以下の仏語原書の英訳版．Les Microbes. Guerre et paix, suivi de Irréductions, Métailié, 1984.邦訳は，ブリュノ・ラトゥール『パストゥール――あるいは微生物の戦争と平和、ならびに「非還元」』荒金直人訳，以文社，2023］．

19 Helen Tilley, “Medicine, Empires, and Ethics in Colonial Africa,” AMA Journal of Ethics 18, no. 7 (2016), doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.7.mhst1-1607.

20 Lucile H. Brockway, “Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens,” American Ethnologist 6, no. 3 (1979): 456, doi.org/10.1525/ae.1979.6.3.02a00030.

21 Ibid., 452; Anonymous, “Kew Gardens,” Journal of Horticulture (1878): 265, books.google.com/books?id=QRLKcLC97sgC.

22 R. S. Phillips, “Current Status of Malaria and Potential for Control,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.1.208-226.2001.

23 Paul Farmer, Fevers, Feuds, and Diamonds: Ebola and the Ravages of History (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2020), 345［ポール・ファーマー『熱、諍い、ダイヤモンド』岩田健太郎訳，メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル，2022，p. 375, 386］．

24 Stephane Leduc, “Les conditions sanitaires en France,” Revue scientifique 20, no. 2 (1892), 234, cited in Latour, Pasteurization of France, 35［ラトゥール『パストゥール』］．

25 Michel Foucault et al., Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975–76 (New York: Picador, 2003)［『ミシェル・フーコー講義集成 6 社会は防衛しなければならない――コレージュ・ド・フランス講義1975-1976年度』石田英敬，小野正嗣訳，筑摩書房，2007］；Laurent Mucchielli, “Criminology, Hygienism, and Eugenics in France, 1870–1914,” in Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective, ed. Peter Becker and Richard F. Wetzell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

26 J. Six et al., “Bacterial and Fungal Contributions to Carbon Sequestration in Agroecosystems,” Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, no. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0347.

27 Danny K. Asami et al., “Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze-Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry, Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional, Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 5 (2003), doi.org/10.1021 /jf020635c.

28 Joan Wennstrom Bennett, Microbiomes of the Built Environment: A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health and Buildings (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2017).

29 Lucette Flandroy et al., “The Impact of Human Activities and Lifestyles on the Interlinked Microbiota and Health of Humans and of Ecosystems,” Science of the Total Environment 627 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288.

30 David P. Strachan, “Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size,” BMJ 299, no.6710 (1989), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259.

31 H. Okada et al., “The ‘Hygiene Hypothesis’ for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases: An Update,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 160, no. 1 (2010), doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x.

32 P. J. Turnbaugh et al., “The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice,” Science Translational Medicine 1, no. 6 (2009), doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322.

33 N. T. Baxter et al., “Dynamics of Human Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Response to Dietary Interventions with Three Fermentable Fibers,” mBio 10, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02566-18; Gijs Den Besten et al., “The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Interplay Between Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Host Energy Metabolism,” Journal of Lipid Research 54, no. 9 (2013), doi.org/10.1194/jlr.r036012; P. J. Parekh, L. A. Balart, and D. A. Johnson, “The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Disease,” Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology 6 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2015.16; M. Sochocka et al., “The Gut Microbiome Alterations and Inflammation-Driven Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease—A Critical Review,” Molecular Neurobiology 56, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1188-4.

34 R Bentley, “Biosynthesis of Vitamin K (Menaquinone) in Bacteria,” Microbiology Reviews 46, no. 3 (1982); J. M. Conly and K. Stein, “Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements of K Vitamins in Human Intestinal Contents,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 87, no. 3 (1992), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1539565; M. J. Shearer, “Vitamin K,” 345, no. 8944 (1995), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90227-9.

35 Hiroshi Maeda and Natalia Dudareva, “The Shikimate Pathway and Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants,” Annual Review of Plant Biology 63 (2012), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439.

36 Klaus M. Herrmann and Lisa M. Weaver, “The Shikimate Pathway,” Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50, no. 1 (1999), doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.473.

37 J. Conly and K. Stein, “Reduction of Vitamin K2 Concentrations in Human Liver Associated with the Use of Broad Spectrum Antimicrobials,” Clinical and Investigative Medicine 17, no. 6 (1994), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7895417; S. J. Ford et al., “Iatrogenic Vitamin K Deficiency and Life Threatening Coagulopathy,” BMJ Case Rep 2008 (2008), doi.org/10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0008.

38 C. A. Lozupone et al., “Diversity, Stability and Resilience of the Human Gut Microbiota,” Nature 489, no. 7415 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/nature11550.

39 Diwakar Davar et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplant Overcomes Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Melanoma Patients,” Science 371, no. 6529 (2021), doi.org/10.1126/science .abf3363.

40 I. Rowland et al., “Gut Microbiota Functions: Metabolism of Nutrients and Other Food Components,” European Journal of Nutrition 57, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8; N. Kamada et al., “Role of the Gut Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammatory Disease,” Nature Reviews Immunology 13, no. 5 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/nri3430.

41 Yasmine Belkaid and Timothy W. Hand, “Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation,” Cell 157, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011.

42 Lozupone et al., “Diversity, Stability and Resilience”; J. Lloyd-Price, G. Abu-Ali, and C. Huttenhower, “The Healthy Human Microbiome,” Genome Medicine 8, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y.

43 E. Le Chatelier et al., “Richness of Human Gut Microbiome Correlates with Metabolic Markers,” Nature 500, no. 7464 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/nature12506; Sochocka et al., “Gut Microbiome Alterations.”

44 C. Manichanh, “Reduced Diversity of Faecal Microbiota in Crohn’s Disease Revealed by a Metagenomic Approach,” Gut 55, no. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.1136/gut.2005.073817; Tanya T. Nguyen et al., “Overview and Systematic Review of Studies of Microbiome in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 99 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013; Jane A. Foster and Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld, “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression,” Trends in Neurosciences 36, no. 5 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005; Xinpu Chen and Sridevi Devaraj, “Gut Microbiome in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes,” Current Diabetes Reports 18, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1104-3; Christina E. West et al., “The Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Noncommunicable Diseases: Associations and Potentials for Gut Microbiota Therapies,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 135, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.012.

45 Belkaid and Hand, “Role of Microbiota in Immunity.”

46 Erica D. Sonnenburg and Justin L. Sonnenburg, “The Ancestral and Industrialized Gut Microbiota and Implications for Human Health,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0191-8.

47 J. L. Sonnenburg and F. Backhed, “Diet-Microbiota Interactions as Moderators of Human Metabolism,” Nature 535, no. 7610 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/nature18846.

48 S. L. Schnorr et al., “Gut Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers,” Nature Commununications 5 (2014), doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4654.

49 Alexandra J. Obregon-Tito et al., “Subsistence Strategies in Traditional Societies Distinguish Gut Microbiomes,” Nature Communications 6, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7505; Raul Y. Tito et al., “Insights from Characterizing Extinct Human Gut Microbiomes,” PLOS One 7, no. 12 (2012), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051146.

50 Belkaid and Hand, “Role of Microbiota in Immunity.”

51 Erica D. Sonnenburg et al., “Diet-Induced Extinctions in the Gut Microbiota Compound over Generations,” Nature 529, no. 7585 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/nature16504.

52 J. S. Paula, N. H. Medina, and A. A. V. Cruz, “Trachoma Among the Yanomami Indians,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 35 (2002), tinyurl.com/qdjml94l.

53 L. S. Weyrich et al., “Neanderthal Behaviour, Diet, and Disease Inferred from Ancient DNA in Dental Calculus,” Nature 544, no. 7650 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/nature21674; E. R. Davenport et al., “The Human Microbiome in Evolution,” BMC Biology 15, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0454-7.

54 Marsha C. Wibowo et al., Large-Scale Reconstruction of Ancient Microbial Genomes from the Human Gut (London: SMBE, 2019).

55 Sonnenburg and Sonnenburg, “Ancestral and Industrialized Gut Microbiota.”

56 Kari E. North, Lisa J. Martin, and Michael H. Crawford, “The Origins of the Irish Travellers and the Genetic Structure of Ireland,” Annals of Human Biology 27, no. 5 (2000), doi.org/10.1080/030144600419297; E. Gilbert et al., “Genomic Insights into the Population Structure and History of the Irish Travellers,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 9, doi.org/10.1038/srep42187; David M. Keohane et al., “Microbiome and Health Implications for Ethnic Minorities after Enforced Lifestyle Changes,” Nature Medicine 26 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0963-8.

57 Keohane et al., “Microbiome and Health Implications.”

58 Suzanne Devkota, “The Gut Microbiome During Acute Lifestyle Transition,” Nature Medicine 26 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0980-7.

59 Keohane et al., “Microbiome and Health Implications.”

60 S. Carding et al., “Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Disease,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 26 (2015), doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191.

61 R. E. Ley et al., “Microbial Ecology: Human Gut Microbes Associated with Obesity,” Nature 444, no. 7122 (2006), doi.org/10.1038/4441022a; Peter J. Turnbaugh et al., “An Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome with Increased Capacity for Energy Harvest,” Nature 444, no. 7122 (2006), doi.org/10.1038/nature05414.

62 Turnbaugh et al., “Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome.”

63 Ley et al., “Microbial Ecology.”

64 Carding et al., “Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota.”

65 A. Hviid, H. Svanstron, and M. Frisch, “Antibiotic Use and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Childhood,” Gut 60, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.219683.

66 Xiao Zhang et al., “Changes of Soil Prokaryotic Communities after Clear Cutting in a Karst Forest: Evidences for Cutting-Based Disturbance Promoting Deterministic Processes,” FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw026.

67 S. L. Gorbach, “Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile,” New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 22 (1999), doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911253412211.

68 Braden T. Tierney et al., The Predictive Power of the Microbiome Exceeds That of Genome — Wide Association Studies in the Discrimination of Complex Human Disease (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020).

69 E. Rackaityte et al., “Viable Bacterial Colonization Is Highly Limited in the Human Intestine in Utero,” Nature Medicine (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0761-3.

70 M. Francino, “Early Development of the Gut Microbiota and Immune Health,” Pathogens 3, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.3390/pathogens3030769.

71 Rackaityte et al., “Viable Bacterial Colonization Is Highly Limited.”

72 Fredrik Backhed et al., “Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome During the First Year of Life,” Cell Host and Microbe 17, no. 5 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.004.

73 A. Sevelsted et al., “Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders,” Pediatrics 135, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0596.

74 K. E. Fujimura et al., “Neonatal Gut Microbiota Associates with Childhood Multisensitized Atopy and T Cell Differentiation,” Nature Medicine 22, no. 10(2016), doi.org/10.1038/nm.4176; Backhed et al., “Dynamics and Stabilization.”

75 Fujimura et al., “Neonatal Gut Microbiota.”

76 Hans Hildebrand et al., “Early-Life Exposures Associated with Antibiotic Use and Risk of Subsequent Crohn’s Disease,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 43, no. 8 (2008), doi.org/10.1080/00365520801971736.

77 Maciej Chichlowski et al., “Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis (B. infantis) in Pediatric Nutrition: Current State of Knowledge,” Nutrients 12, no. 6(2020), doi.org/10.3390/nu12061581.

78 Mark A. Underwood et al., “Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis: Champion Colonizer of the Infant Gut,” Pediatric Research 77, no. 1–2(2015), doi.org/10.1038/pr.2014.156.

79 Francino, “Early Development of Gut Microbiota”; Bethany M. Henrick et al., “Colonization by B. infantis EVC001 Modulates Enteric Inflammation in Exclusively Breastfed Infants,” Pediatric Research 86 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0533-2.

80 Henrick et al., “Colonization by B. infantis”; Chichlowski et al., “Bifidobacterium longum.”

81 David Groeger et al., “Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 Modulates Host Inflammatory Processes Beyond the Gut,” Gut Microbes 4, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.4161/gmic.25487.

82 F. Zhang et al., “Should We Standardize the 1,700-Year-Old Fecal Microbiota Transplantation?,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 107, no. 11 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.251.

83 Ruben J. Colman and David T. Rubin, “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 8, no. 12 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2014.08.006; L. J. Brandt et al., “Long-Term Follow-up of Colonoscopic Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 107, no. 7 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.60; Johan S. Bakken et al., “Treating Clostridium difficile Infection with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9, no. 12 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014.

84 Aurora Pop-Vicas and Marguerite A. Neill, “Clostridium difficile: The Increasingly Difficult Pathogen,” BMC Critical Care 12, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1186/cc6773.

85 J. Jalanka et al., “The Long-Term Effects of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Gastrointestinal Symptoms and General Health in Patients with Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 47, no. 3 (2018), doi.org/10.1111/apt.14443.

86 Davar et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplant.”

87 Jalanka et al., “Long-Term Effects of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation.”

88 P. F. De Groot et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Metabolic Syndrome: History, Present and Future,” Gut Microbes 8, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2017.1293224.

89 Luke K. Ursell et al., “Defining the Human Microbiome,” Nutrition Reviews 70(2012), doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x.

90 F. De Filippis et al., “High-Level Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Beneficially Impacts the Gut Microbiota and Associated Metabolome,” Gut 65, no. 11 (2016), doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309957.

91 Aleksandra Tomova, “The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota,” Frontiers in Nutrition 6, no. 47 (2019), doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00047 /full.

92 Yangbo Sun, “Inverse Association Between Organic Food Purchase and Diabetes Mellitus in US Adults,” Nutrients 10 (2018), doi.org/10.3390/nu10121877; Evangelos Evangelou et al., “Exposure to Pesticides and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Environment International 91 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.013.

93 C. Sara and Robert A. Britton, “Adaptation of the Gut Microbiota to Modern Dietary Sugars and Sweeteners,” Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/advances /nmz118.

94 ラウンドアップには不活性成分も添加されている．それがたがいに，またグリホサートと相互作用する可能性がある．ただしどんな不活性成分がどれほど配合されているか，ということをモンサント社は企業秘密として頑なに開示しないので，正確なところは不明である．Charles M. Benbrook, “Trends in Glyphosate Herbicide Use in the United States and Globally,” Environmental Sciences Europe 28, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0.

95 T. N. Lapkovskaya, S. V. Soroka, and O. K. Lobach, “Application of a Herbicide Tornado 500 in Cereal Crop Plantings and for a Preceding Crop,” Agriculture and Plant Protection: Scientific-Practical Journal (2010), agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID =BY2010000952.

96 A. A. Shehata et al., “The Effect of Glyphosate on Potential Pathogens and Beneficial Members of Poultry Microbiota in Vitro,” Current Microbiology 66, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.1007/s00284-012-0277-2.

97 Robin Mesnage et al., “Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Environmental Health Perspectives 129, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10.1289/ehp6990.

98 Erick V. S. Motta, Kasie Raymann, and Nancy A. Moran, “Glyphosate Perturbs the Gut Microbiota of Honey Bees,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 41 (2018), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803880115.

99 Shehata et al., “Effect of Glyphosate on Potential Pathogens.”

100 Ibid.

101 E. Ofori et al., “Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile: Epidemiology, Ri- botype, Risk Factors, Hospital and Intensive Care Unit Outcomes, and Current and Emerging Therapies,” Journal of Hospital Infection 99, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.01.015.

102 Fernando Rubio, “Survey of Glyphosate Residues in Honey, Corn and Soy Products,” Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology 5, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000249.

103 Jaime Rendon-Von Osten and Ricardo Dzul-Caamal, “Glyphosate Residues in Groundwater, Drinking Water and Urine of Subsistence Farmers from Intensive Agriculture Localities: A Survey in Hopelchen, Campeche, Mexico,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6 (2017), doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060595.

104 John R. Kelly et al., “Breaking Down the Barriers: The Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders,” Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 9 (2015), doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00392; J. P. Karl et al., “Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota,” Front Microbiology 9 (2018), doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013; Jane A. Foster, Linda Rinaman, and John F. Cryan, “Stress and the Gut-Brain Axis: Regulation by the Microbiome,” Neurobiology of Stress 7 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001.

105 A. Farhadi et al., “Intestinal Barrier: An Interface Between Health and Disease,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18, no. 5 (2003), doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03032.x.

106 Nobuyuki Sudo et al., “Postnatal Microbial Colonization Programs the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal System for Stress Response in Mice,” Journal of Physiology 558, no. 1 (2004), doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388.

107 Ibid.

108 G. A. Rook, “Regulation of the Immune System by Biodiversity from the Natural Environment: An Ecosystem Service Essential to Health,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 46 (2013), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313731110; Stephanie G. Cheung et al., “Systematic Review of Gut Microbiota and Major Depression,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 10 (2019), doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00034.

109 Ross M. Maltz et al., “Social Stress Affects Colonic Inflammation, the Gut Microbiome, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels and Receptors,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 68, no. 4 (2019), doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000002226; Kelly et al., “Breaking Down Barriers.”

110 Maltz et al., “Social Stress Affects Colonic Inflammation.”

111 Kelly et al., “Breaking Down Barriers.”

112 S. Da Silva et al., “Stress Disrupts Intestinal Mucus Barrier in Rats Via Mucin O-Glycosylation Shift: Prevention by a Probiotic Treatment,” American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00290.2013.

113 Kelly et al., “Breaking Down Barriers.”

114 J. D. Soderholm et al., “Neonatal Maternal Separation Predisposes Adult Rats to Colonic Barrier Dysfunction in Response to Mild Stress,” American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 283, no. 6 (2002), doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2002.

115 Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998), doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8.

116 Liisa Hantsoo et al., “Childhood Adversity Impact on Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Response to Stress During Pregnancy,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 75 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.005; Andrea Danese and Jessie R. Baldwin, “Hidden Wounds? Inflammatory Links Between Childhood Trauma and Psychopathology,” Annual Review of Psychology 68, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044208.

117 Hantsoo et al., “Childhood Adversity Impact.”

118 Bridget L. Callaghan et al., “Mind and Gut: Associations Between Mood and Gastrointestinal Distress in Children Exposed to Adversity,” Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000087.

119 Saad Y. Salim, Gilaad G. Kaplan, and Karen L. Madsen, “Air Pollution Effects on the Gut Microbiota,” Gut Microbes 5, no. 2 (2014), doi.org/10.4161/gmic.27251.

120 Limin Zhang et al., “Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Alters Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice,” Toxicology 431 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152365.

121 David Trudel et al., “Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA,” Risk Analysis 28, no. 2 (2008), doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x.

122 M. M. Stein et al., “Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children,” New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1508749.

123 Jeffrey M. Craig, Alan C. Logan, and Susan L. Prescott, “Natural Environments, Nature Relatedness and the Ecological Theater: Connecting Satellites and Sequencing to Shinrin-Yoku,” Journal of Physiological Anthropology 35, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0083-9; Margaret M. Hansen, Reo Jones, and Kirsten Tocchini, “Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of- the- Art Review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8 (2017), doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851.

124 Mike MacEacheran, “The Birthplace of Alpine Hay Bathing,” BBC, December 8, 2020, www.bbc.com/travel/story/20201208-is-this-europes-new-wellness-trend.

125 David G. Smith et al., “Identification and Characterization of a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a Soil-Derived Bacterium with Immunoregulatory and Stress Resilience Properties,” Psychopharmacology 236 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9.

126 Dorothy M. Matthews and Susan M. Jenks, “Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae Decreases Anxiety-Related Behavior and Improves Learning in Mice,” Behavioural Processes 96 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.02.007.

127 Joan Wennstrom Bennett, Microbiomes of the Built Environment: A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health and Buildings (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2017); N. Segata, “Gut Microbiome: Westernization and the Disappearance of Intestinal Diversity,” Current Biology 25, no. 14 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.040.

128 われわれがどのように移動するか，ということにも微生物は適応する．優れたマラソン走者は，学名Veillonella atypicaという細菌を過剰なほど持っているが，これは並の走者には見られない．この細菌を摂取したマウスは，摂取しない統制群のマウスよりも13%長い距離を走ることができた．また炎症の徴候も減少した．Veillonella atypicaは，乳酸をプロピオン酸という短鎖脂肪酸に変換し，筋肉痛の原因となる分子を抗炎症作用のある分子に変えるのである．Jonathan Scheiman et al., “Meta-omics Analysis of Elite Athletes Identifies a Performance-Enhancing Microbe That Functions via Lactate Metabolism,” Nature Medicine 25, no. 7 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0485-4.

129 J. H. Hehemann et al., “Transfer of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes from Marine Bacteria to Japanese Gut Microbiota,” Nature 464, no. 7290 (2010), doi.org/10.1038/nature08937.

130 J. C. D. Hotopp et al., “Widespread Lateral Gene Transfer from Intracellular Bacteria to Multicellular Eukaryotes,” Science 317, no. 5845 (2007), doi.org/10.1126/science.1142490.

131 World Economic Forum, The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics (Davos: World Economic Forum, 2015).

132 Shosuke Yoshida et al., “A Bacterium That Degrades and Assimilates Poly (ethylene Terephthalate),” Science 351, no. 6278 (2016), doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6359; M. G. Luciani-Torres, D. H. Moore, W. H. Goodson, 3rd, and S. H. Dairkee, “Exposure to the Polyester PET Precursor—Terephthalic Acid Induces and Perpetuates DNA Damage-Harboring Non-Malignant Human Breast Cells,” Carcinogenesis 36, no. 1 (2015): 168–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgu234.

133 Kieran D. Cox et al., “Human Consumption of Microplastics,” Environmental Science and Technology 53, no. 12 (2019), doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517.

134 John D. Meeker, Sheela Sathyanarayana, and Shanna H. Swan, “Phthalates and Other Additives in Plastics: Human Exposure and Associated Health Outcomes,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1526 (2009), doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0268.

135 Sandrine P. Claus, Herve Guillou, and Sandrine Ellero-Simatos, “The Gut Microbiota: A Major Player in the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants?,” NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes 2, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.3.

136 Erica D. Sonnenburg and Justin L. Sonnenburg, “The Ancestral and Industrialized Gut Microbiota and Implications for Human Health,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0191-8.

137 Gwyneira Isaac et al., “Native American Perspectives on Health and Traditional Ecological Knowledge,” Environmental Health Perspectives 126, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1289/ehp1944.

138 Segata, “Gut Microbiome.”

139 Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals (New Brunswick, N.J.: AldineTransaction, 2008).

140 Erik Axelsson et al., “The Genomic Signature of Dog Domestication Reveals Adaptation to a Starch-Rich Diet,” Nature 495, no. 7441 (2013), doi.org/10.1038/nature11837.

141 Bernardo Chessa et al., “Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations,” Science 324, no. 5926 (2009), doi.org/10.1126/science.1170587.

142 T. J. Wilkinson et al., “Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-Pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC,” Journal of World Prehistory 27, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1007/s10963-014-9072-2.

143 Bruce D. Smith, “Documenting Plant Domestication: The Consilience of Biological and Archaeological Approaches,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, no. 4 (2001), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324t; Umberto Lombardo et al., “Early Holocene Crop Cultivation and Landscape Modification in Amazonia,” Nature 581 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2162-7; James L. A. Webb, The Guts of the Matter: A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019); Greger Larson and Dorian Q. Fuller, “The Evolution of Animal Domestication,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 45, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813.

144 Stan Cox, “Crop Domestication and the First Plant Breeders,” in Plant Breeding and Farmer Participation, ed. S. Ceccarelli, E. P. Guimaraes, and E. Weltzien (Rome: UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 2009), 3; J. G. Hawkes, The Ecological Background of Plant Domestication (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1969).ここで述べているのが，人類の欲望の植物誌の初期の例である．Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2001)［マイケル・ポーラン『欲望の植物誌――人をあやつる4つの植物』西田佐知子訳，八坂書房，新装版2012］．

145 John Smalley, Michael Blake, and Warren R DeBoer, “Sweet Beginnings: Stalk Sugar and the Domestication of Maize,” Current Anthropology 44, no. 5 (2003), doi.org/10.1086/377664.

146 Madhav Gadgil, Fikret Berkes, and Carl Folke, “Indigenous Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation,” Ambio 22, no. 2–3 (1993), www.jstor.org/stable/4314060.

147 Nancy J. Turner, Ancient Pathways, Ancestral Knowledge: Ethnobotany and Ecological Wisdom of Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014), 117.

148 Ibid., 121.

149 Ibid., 151.

150 Pekka Hamalainen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).

151 Cole Harris, Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2002).

152 入植者は，土地を管理する先住民の能力について否定的な見解を持っていたし，今も持ち続けている。西洋で土地の管理と言えば，物知りの専門家がやって来て，地元の人びとに向かって，その地元の人たちが毎日踏み歩いている地面の健康状態の悪化を食い止める方法を教え諭すことができる，という考え方に基づいた，一つの専門科目である．ある古典的な研究が，この考え方が偽りであることを証明した．1950年代にフランス人が，ギニアの領有権を主張するために撮影した航空写真を，90年代初頭の写真と比較して，地元農民が精力的に土地管理したことによって，森林面積がいかに増大したか示したのである．Niek Koning and Eric Smaling, “Environmental Crisis or ‘Lie of the Land’? The Debate on Soil Degradation in Africa,” Land Use Policy 22, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.08.003; James Fairhead and Melissa Leach, Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

153 “God’s Own Country” (editorial), Clarence and Richmond Examiner, January 21, 1902, trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61385036.

154 Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident? (Broome, Western Australia: Magabala Books, 2014).

155 John N. Warner, “Sugar Cane: An Indigenous Papuan Cultigen,” Ethnology 1, no. 4 (1962), doi.org/10.2307/3772848.

156 S. Mahdihassan, “A Comparative Study of the Word Sugar and of Its Equivalents in Hindustani as Traceable to Chinese,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine 9, no. 3 (1981), doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X8100024X.

157 Rebecca Catz, Christopher Columbus and the Portuguese, 1476–1498 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993); Sidney M. Greenfield, “Madeira and the Beginnings of New World Sugar Cane Cultivation and Plantation Slavery: A Study in Institution Building,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292, no. 1 (1977), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb47771.x; Jason W. Moore, “Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the ‘First’ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From ‘Island of Timber’ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506,” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 32, no. 4 (2009), www.jstor.org/stable/41427474; Stuart B. Schwartz, “Indian Labor and New World Plantations: European Demands and Indian Responses in Northeastern Brazil,” American Historical Review 83, no. 1 (1978), doi.org/10.2307/1865902; Stuart B. Schwartz, “A Commonwealth Within Itself: The Early Brazilian Sugar Industry, 1550–1670,” in Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450–1680, ed. Stuart B. Schwartz (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Charles Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970); Alberto Vieira, “Sugar Islands. The Sugar Economy of Madeira and the Canaries, 1450–1650,” in Schwartz, Tropical Babylons.

158 Sidney Wilfred Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), 82［シドニー・W・ミンツ『甘さと権力――砂糖が語る近代史』川北稔，和田光弘訳，ちくま学芸文庫，2021］．

159 Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017)［ラジ・パテル，ジェイソン・W・ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』福井昌子訳，作品社，2025］．

160 K. J. Newens and J. Walton, “A Review of Sugar Consumption from Nationally Representative Dietary Surveys across the World,” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 29, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12338.

161 Laura A. Schmidt, “New Unsweetened Truths About Sugar,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12991; Robert Lustig, Metabolical (New York: HarperWave, 2021); M. L. Slattery et al., “Dietary Sugar and Colon Cancer,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 6, no. 9 (1997), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9298574.

162 R. K. Singh et al., “Influence of Diet on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Human Health,” Journal of Translational Medicine 15, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y.

163 Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001).

164 C. K. Khoury et al., “Increasing Homogeneity in Global Food Supplies and the Implications for Food Security,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 11 (2014), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313490111.

165 Jennifer Cole, “Agriculture: Land Use, Food Systems and Biodiversity,” in Planetary Health: Human Health in an Era of Global Environmental Change, ed. Jennifer Cole et al. (Oxford: CAB International, 2019).

166 Y. M. Bar-On, R. Phillips, and R. Milo, “The Biomass Distribution on Earth,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 25 (2018), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.

167 Gerardo Ceballos et al., “Accelerated Modern Human-Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction,” Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015), doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253; Jonathan L. Payne et al., “Ecological Selectivity of the Emerging Mass Extinction in the Oceans,” Science 353, no. 6305 (2016), doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2416.

168 Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962)［レイチェル・カーソン『沈黙の春』渡辺政隆訳，光文社古典新訳文庫，2024］；Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo et al., “Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960–2008,” USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin no. 124 (2014), doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2502986; Donald Atwood and Claire Paisley-Jones, Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2008–2012 Market Estimates (Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2017), tinyurl.com/2rl8gjh8.

169 United Nations FAO, “Pesticides Use,” FAOSTAT (Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2021), www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP.

170 Nancy J. Turner et al., “Edible and Tended Wild Plants, Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Agroecology,” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30, no. 1–2 (2011), doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2011.554492; Nancy J. Turner and Katherine L. Turner, “Where Our Women Used to Get the Food: Cumulative Effects and Loss of Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Practice; Case Study from Coastal British Columbia,” Botany 86, no. 2 (2008): 86, doi.org/10.1139/b07-020; Miguel A. Altieri, Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987); Jennifer C. Sowerwine, “Effects of Economic Liberalization on Dao Women’s Traditional Knowledge, Ecology, and Trade of Medicinal Plants in Northern Vietnam,” Advances in Economic Botany 15 (2004), www.jstor.org/stable/43927646; Nancy Turner, “‘Passing on the News’: Women’s Work, Traditional Knowledge and Plant Resource Management in Indigenous Societies of North-Western North America,” in Women and Plants: Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation, ed. Patricia L. Howard (London: Zed Books, 2003).

171 A. D. Luis, A. J. Kuenzi, and J. N. Mills, “Species Diversity Concurrently Dilutes and Amplifies Transmission in a Zoonotic Host-Pathogen System Through Competing Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 31 (2018), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807106115; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., “Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture.”

172 E. Ofori et al., “Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile: Epidemiology, Ribotype, Risk Factors, Hospital and Intensive Care Unit Outcomes, and Current and Emerging Therapies,” Journal of Hospital Infection 99, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.01.015.

173 Deverick J. Anderson et al., “Identification of Novel Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection Using Spatial Statistics and Geographic Information System Analyses,” PLOS One 12, no. 5 (2017), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176285.

174 Johan S. Bakken et al., “Treating Clostridium difficile Infection with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9, no. 12 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014.

175 John Fagan et al., “Organic Diet Intervention Significantly Reduces Urinary Glyphosate Levels in U.S. Children and Adults,” Environmental Research 189 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109898.

176 John Bellamy Foster, “Marx’s Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology,” American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 2 (1999), www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/210315?seq=1; Jason W. Moore, “Transcending the Metabolic Rift: A Theory of Crises in the Capitalist World-Ecology,” Journal of Peasant Studies 38, no. 1 (January 2011), doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2010.538579; Mindi Schneider and Philip McMichael, “Deepening, and Repairing, the Metabolic Rift,” Journal of Peasant Studies 37, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2010.494371; Michael Friedman, “Metabolic Rift and the Human Microbiome,” Monthly Review 70, no. 3 (2018), monthlyreview.org/2018/07/01/metabolic-rift-and-the-human-microbiome.少なくとも農業の分野では，この物質代謝の亀裂を乗り越えようとする動きがある．Hannah Wittman, “Reworking the Metabolic Rift: La Via Campesina, Agrarian Citizenship, and Food Sovereignty,” Journal of Peasant Studies 36, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1080/03066150903353991.

177 Philip Mackowiak, “Recycling Metchnikoff: Probiotics, the Intestinal Microbiome and the Quest for Long Life,” Frontiers in Public Health 1, no. 52 (2013), doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00052.

178 Les Dethlefsen, Margaret McFall-Ngai, and David A. Relman, “An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective on Human-Microbe Mutualism and Disease,” Nature 449, no. 7164 (2007), doi.org/10.1038/nature06245; Ali K. Yetisen, “Biohacking,” Trends in Biotechnology 36, no. 8 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.011.

179 Dan Buettner and Sam Skemp, “Blue Zones,” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 10, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1177/1559827616637066.

180 Bradley J. Willcox, Donald Craig Willcox, and Makoto Suzuki, “Demographic, Phenotypic, and Genetic Characteristics of Centenarians in Okinawa and Japan: Part 1—Centenarians in Okinawa,” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 165 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2016.11.001.

181 Miriam Capri et al., “Human Longevity within an Evolutionary Perspective: The Peculiar Paradigm of a Post-Reproductive Genetics,” Experimental Gerontology 43, no. 2 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2007.06.004.

182 Adriana Lleras-Muney, “The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States,” Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00329; Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin, The Longevity Project: Surprising Discoveries for Health and Long Life from the Landmark Eight-Decade Study (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2011)［ハワード・S・フリードマン，レスリー・R・マーティン『長寿と性格――なぜ、あの人は長生きなのか』桜田直美訳，清流出版，2012］．

183 これは18世紀からすでによく知られた説明である．Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon, De la vieillesse et de la mort, vol. 12 of Œuvres completes de Buffon (Paris: F. D. Pillot, 1831).

184 B. J. Willcox et al., “Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1114, no. 1 (2007), doi.org/10.1196/annals.1396.037; D. Craig Willcox et al., “The Okinawan Diet: Health Implications of a Low-Calorie, Nutrient-Dense, Antioxidant-Rich Dietary Pattern Low in Glycemic Load,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2009.10718117.

185 S. Miyagi et al., “Longevity and Diet in Okinawa, Japan: The Past, Present and Future,” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 15, no. 1 (2003), doi.org/10.1177/101053950301500s03.

186 Aike P. Rots, “Strangers in the Sacred Grove: The Changing Meanings of Okinawan Utaki,” Religions 10, no. 5 (2019), www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/5/298.

187 George Feifer, “The Rape of Okinawa,” World Policy Journal 17, no. 3 (2000), www.jstor.org/stable/40209702.

188 Michel Poulain, “Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa: A Plea for in-Depth Validation,” Demographic Research 25, no. 7 (2011), www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol25/7/.

189 Norimitsu Onishi, “On U.S. Fast Food, More Okinawans Grow Super-Sized,” The New York Times, March 30, 2004, tinyurl.com/psofeg6f; Y. Matsushita et al., “Overweight and Obesity Trends Among Japanese Adults: A 10-Year Follow-up of the JPHC Study,” International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 12 (2008), doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.188.

190 Willcox et al., “Caloric Restriction, Traditional Okinawan Diet”; D. Craig Willcox et al., “The Okinawan Diet: Health Implications of a Low-Calorie, Nutrient-Dense, Antioxidant-Rich Dietary Pattern Low in Glycemic Load,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28 (2009), tinyurl.com/4n2xqxh9; Bradley J. Willcox, D. Craig Willcox, and Makoto Suzuki, The Okinawa Way: How to Improve Your Health and Longevity Dramatically (London: Michael Joseph, 2001).

191 Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao et al., “Biological and Therapeutic Effects of Honey Produced by Honey Bees and Stingless Bees: A Comparative Review,” Revista brasileira de farmacognosia 26, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.01.012.

192 M. Barone et al., “Gut Microbiome Response to a Modern Paleolithic Diet in a Western Lifestyle Context,” PLOS One 14, no. 8 (2019), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220619.

193 Michelle A. Morris et al., “What Is the Cost of a Healthy Diet? Using Diet Data from the UK Women’s Cohort Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68, no. 11 (2014), doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204039.

194 Marialaura Bonaccio et al., “High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Cardiovascular Protection in Higher but Not in Lower Socioeconomic Groups: Prospective Findings from the Moli-sani Study,” International Journal of Epidemiology 46, no. 5 (2017), doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx145.

195 Walter Willett et al., “Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems,” The Lancet 393, no. 10170 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4.

196 S. Nishijima et al., “The Gut Microbiome of Healthy Japanese and Its Microbial and Functional Uniqueness,” DNA Research 23, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsw002.

197 たとえば以下を参照のこと．David T. Suzuki and Keibō Ōiwa, The Other Japan: Voices Beyond the Mainstream (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 1999).

198 Takuya Yamanouchi, Atsumu Ohnishi, and Shoichi Tashiro, “Tolerated Cultivation and the Postwar Period Processing Problem: A Case Study on Yomitan Village in Okinawa Prefecture,” Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, no. 54 (2004).

199 阿波根はもっと年上だったかもしれないが，彼の父親は日本の当局にその出生日を1903年と登録している．徴兵を逃れるためだった可能性もあるという［阿波根昌鴻の著書『命こそ宝――沖縄反戦の心』（岩波新書）の第10刷（2003年）の奥付著者紹介には「1903–2002年」とあるが，阿波根が自宅敷地内に開設した反戦平和資料館「ヌチドゥタカラの家」を現在運営している「わびあいの里」のウェブサイト掲載の年譜（https://wabiai.holy.jp/02.html）によれば，1901年3月3日生まれ，2002年3月21日歿とある］．Ahagon Shoko and C. Douglas Lummis, “I Lost My Only Son in the War: Prelude to the Okinawan Anti-Base Movement,” Asia-Pacific Journal 8, no. 23 (2010), apjjf.org/-C.-Douglas-Lummis/3369/article.html.

200 Suzuki and Ōiwa, Other Japan.

201 Stephane M. McLachlan, “Water Is a Living Thing”: Environmental and Human Health Implications of the Athabasca Oil Sands for the Mikisew Cree First Nation and Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation in Northern Alberta (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 2014), tinyurl.com/efj7uy9f.

202 L. Eggertson, “High Cancer Rates Among Fort Chipewyan Residents,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 181, no. 12 (2009), doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090248.

203 Committee on Oversight and Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury (2021), oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2021-02-04%20ECP%20Baby%20Food%20Staff%20Report.pdf.

204 Erik Lacitis, “Last Few Whulshootseed Speakers Spread the Word,” Seattle Times, February 8, 2005, tinyurl .com /rluksnzv.

205 Heidi G. Bruce, “Muckleshoot Foods and Culture: Pre-20th Century Stkamish, Skopamish, Smulkamish, and Allied Longhouses,” Fourth World Journal 16, no. 1 (2017).

206 P. A. Moore, J. C. Zgibor, and A. P. Dasanayake, “Diabetes: A Growing Epidemic of All Ages,” Journal of the American Dental Association 134, suppl. 1 (2003), doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0369.

第４章　呼吸系

1 Melinda Mitchell Jones, Kathleen M. Kearney, and Carrie Edwards, “Seeking PPE Protection: Is the Law on Your Side?,” Nursing Made Incredibly Easy 18, no. 6 (2020), https://journals.lww.com/nursingmadeincrediblyeasy/citation/2020/11000/seeking_ppe_protection__is_the_law_on_your_side_.4.aspx.

2 Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony (New York: Viking Press, 1977)［レスリー・M・シルコウ『儀式』荒このみ訳，講談社文芸文庫，1998，p. 11–12］．

3 Ben Okri, Birds of Heaven (London: Phoenix, 1996), 18.

4 Ralph Kahn, “A Global Perspective on Wildfires,” Eos, January 27, 2020, doi.org/10.1029/2020EO138260.

5 Brigitte Rooney et al., “Air Quality Impact of the Northern California Camp Fire of November 2018,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 23 (2020), acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/14597/2020/acp-20-14597-2020.pdf.

6 Rizzlyn Terri M. Melo, “We Didn’t Start the Fire . . . Did We? Analyzing Why California Cannot Seem to Extinguish Its Worsening Wildfire Problem,” Villanova Environmental Law Journal 31, no. 1 (2020), digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/elj/vol31/iss1/5/.

7 上位の3つは，高血圧，喫煙，貧しい食生活である．後述するように，これらはすべて関連している．Health Effects Institute, State of Global Air 2020 (Boston: Health Effects Institute, 2020).

8 A. Park Williams et al., “Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California,” Earth’s Future 7, no. 8 (2019), doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001210.

9 H. Orru, K. L. Ebi, and B. Forsberg, “The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health,” Current Environmental Health Reports 4, no. 4 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6; Y. Fang et al., “Air Pollution and Associated Human Mortality: The Role of Air Pollutant Emissions, Climate Change and Methane Concentration Increases from the Preindustrial Period to Present,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 3 (2013), doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1377-2013.

10 ヒナは，“ごみ拾い”界のあちこちから集めた実例の人物と出来事を合成してつくり上げた人格である．この本を書き始めたときには，わたしたちはデリーのいくつかのグループを訪ねて調査を行なうつもりだった．しかしロックダウンでその計画は中止となった．ロックダウンはごみ拾いたちの苦しみも倍増させた．新型コロナがごみ拾いたちに与えた影響については，以下を参照．Bharati Chaturvedi, The Covid-19 Impact on Waste Pickers in Delhi (Delhi: Oxfam India, 2020), tinyurl .com /cnhhcnlt.

11 Anamika Pandey et al., “Health and Economic Impact of Air Pollution in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,” Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30298-9.

12 Navarro Ferronato and Vincenzo Torretta, “Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060; Federico Demaria and Seth Schindler, “Contesting Urban Metabolism: Struggles over Waste-to- Energy in Delhi, India,” Antipode 48, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/anti.12191.

13 Re-Centering Delhi Team, “Mapping Delhi Landfills,” Yamuna River Project, Fall 2016, www.yamunariverproject.org/mapping-delhi-landfills.html.

14 J. S. Grewal, “Historical Geography of the Punjab,” Journal of Punjab Studies 11, no. 1 (2004), tinyurl.com/yn3qh3me.

15 David E. Ludden, An Agrarian History of South Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Dorian Q. Fuller, “Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis,” Journal of World Prehistory 20, no. 1 (2006), doi.org/10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8; Prathama Banerjee, “Writing the Adivasi: Some Historiographical Notes,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 53, no. 1 (2016); Chetan Singh, “Conformity and Conflict: Tribes and the ‘Agrarian System’ of Mughal India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 25, no. 3 (1988), doi.org/10.1177/001946468802500302.

16 Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, The Mahabharata, trans. Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883), sec. 230, www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01231.htm［『マハーバーラタ 原典訳 2』上村勝彦訳，ちくま学芸文庫，筑摩書房，2002，p. 211–219］．

17 Madhav Gadgil, “India’s Deforestation: Patterns and Processes,” Society and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (1990), doi.org/10.1080/08941929009380713.

18 Jean Birrell, “Common Rights in the Medieval Forest: Disputes and Conflicts in the Thirteenth Century,” Past and Present, no. 117 (1987), www.jstor.org/stable/650787.「共有地（コモンズ）の悲劇」は，コモンズが破壊されたことにあるのであって，所有権が設定されていないことにあるのではない．詳しくは以下を参照のこと．Raj Patel, The Value of Nothing (New York: Picador, 2010)［ラジ・パテル『値段と価値――なぜ私たちは価値のないものに、高い値段を付けるのか?』福井昌子訳，作品社，2019］．

19 Peter Blickle, The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants’ War from a New Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)［ペーター・ブリックレ『1525年の革命――ドイツ農民戦争の社会構造史的研究』前間良爾，田中真造訳，刀水書房，1988］．

20 Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).

21 Alexander Mather, “The Transition from Deforestation to Reforestation in Europe,” in Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation, ed. Arild Angelsen and David Kaimowitz (Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2001).

22 Shashank Kela, “Adivasi and Peasant: Reflections on Indian Social History,” Journal of Peasant Studies 33, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/10.1080/03066150601063074.現在の大英帝国はいまだにこの要請に煽られている．イギリスの自然の現状に関する最近の調査で，さまざまな発見があったのだが，なかでも過去100年間に97％の野草地が失われたことが報告されている．D. B. Hayhow et al., The State of Nature 2019 (Nottingham, UK: National Biodiversity Network for the State of Nature Partnership, 2019).

23 Romila Thapar, “Perceiving the Forest: Early India,” Studies in History 17, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1177/025764300101700101.

24 Michael R. Dove, “The Dialectical History of ‘Jungle’ in Pakistan: An Examination of the Relationship Between Nature and Culture,” Journal of Anthropological Research 48, no. 3 (1992), doi.org/10.1086/jar.48.3.3630636.

25 Ramachandra Guha, “Forestry in British and Post-British India: A Histori- cal Analysis,” Economic and Political Weekly 18, no. 44 (1983): www.jstor.org/stable/4372653.

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 Amiya Kumar Bagchi, “Land Tax, Property Rights and Peasant Insecurity in Colonial India,” Journal of Peasant Studies 20, no. 1 (1992), doi.org/10.1080/03066159208438500; Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001).

29 Cormac O Grada and Andres Eiriksson, Ireland’s Great Famine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2006).

30 “Notes from India: The Effect of Famine on the Population of India,” The Lancet 157, no. 4059 (1901), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)89212-6.

31 Raj Patel, “The Long Green Revolution,” Journal of Peasant Studies 40, no. 1 (2013).

32 Ibid., 5.

33 Vandana Shiva, The Violence of the Green Revolution: Ecological Degradation and Political Conflict in Punjab (Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology, 1989) ［ヴァンダナ・シヴァ『緑の革命とその暴力』浜谷喜美子訳，日本経済評論社，2008］；Utsa Patnaik, “Neoliberalism and Rural Poverty in India,” Economic and Political Weekly 42, no. 30 (2007), www.jstor.org/stable/4419844.

34 Ludden, Agrarian History of South Asia.

35 この現象が地球規模の性質を持っていることについては，以下を参照のこと．Matti Kummu et al., “Is Physical Water Scarcity a New Phenomenon? Global Assessment of Water Shortage over the Last Two Millennia,” Environmental Research Letters 5, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006.

36 Seema Singh, “Pumping Punjab Dry,” IEEE Spectrum 47, no. 6 (2010), doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2010.5466794.

37 地下水に含まれる天然の無機塩類と，工業化学物質の残留物が結合して，有毒な混合物が作られる．Khalid Mahmood et al., “Groundwater Uptake and Sustainability of Farm Plantations on Saline Sites in Punjab Province, Pakistan,” Agricultural Water Management 48, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00114-1; Amarnath Tripathi, Ashok K. Mishra, and Geetanjali Verma, “Impact of Preservation of Subsoil Water Act on Groundwater Depletion: The Case of Punjab, India,” Environmental Management 58, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0693-3.

38 Sucha S. Gill, “Economic Distress and Farmer Suicides in Rural Punjab,” Journal of Punjab Studies 12, no. 2 (2006), tinyurl.com/y68vjtev.

39 Kiran Chand Thumaty et al., “Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Agriculture Residue Burning in Punjab and Haryana, India, Using MODIS and Suomi NPP VIIRS Data,” Current Science 109, no. 10 (2015), doi.org/10.18520/v109/i10/1850-1868.

40 Navroz K. Dubash and Sarath Guttikunda, “Delhi Has a Complex Air Pollution Problem,” Hindustan Times, December 22, 2018, tinyurl.com/10qd0yal.

41 Michael D. Hays et al., “Open Burning of Agricultural Biomass: Physical and Chemical Properties of Particle-Phase Emissions,” Atmospheric Environment 39, no. 36 (2005), doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.072.以下も参照のこと．Andrew C. Scott, Burning Planet: The Story of Fire Through Time (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)［アンドルー・C・スコット『山火事と地球の進化』矢野真千子訳，河出書房新社，2022］．

42 P. Kulshreshtha, M. Khare, and P. Seetharaman, “Indoor Air Quality Assessment in and Around Urban Slums of Delhi City, India,” Indoor Air 18, no. 6 (2008), doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00550.x.

43 U. C. Kulshrestha et al., “Emissions and Accumulation of Metals in the Atmosphere Due to Crackers and Sparkles During Diwali Festival in India,” Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 27 (2004), doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.044.

44 Sourangsu Chowdhury et al., “‘Traffic Intervention’ Policy Fails to Mitigate Air Pollution in Megacity Delhi,” Environmental Science and Policy 74 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.018.

45 Srinivas Bikkina et al., “Air Quality in Megacity Delhi Affected by Countryside Biomass Burning,” Nature Sustainability 2, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0219-0.

46 Chowdhury et al., “‘Traffic Intervention’ Policy Fails.”

47 Kalpana Balakrishnan et al., “The Impact of Air Pollution on Deaths, Disease Burden, and Life Expectancy across the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Lancet Planetary Health 3, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30261-4.

48 Ibid.

49 Jincy Mathew et al., “Air Pollution and Respiratory Health of School Children in Industrial, Commercial and Residential Areas of Delhi,” Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 8, no. 4 (2015), doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0299-y; Shabana Siddique, Manas R. Ray, and Twisha Lahiri, “Effects of Air Pollution on the Respiratory Health of Children: A Study in the Capital City of India,” Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 4, no. 2 (2011), doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0079-2.

50 Y. F. Xing et al., “The Impact of PM2.5 on the Human Respiratory System,” Journal of Thoracic Disease 8, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.19.

51 Douglas W. Dockery et al., “An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities,” New England Journal of Medicine 329 (1993), doi.org/10.1056/nejm199312093292401.

52 M. A. Zoran et al., “Assessing the Relationship Between Ground Levels of Ozone (O3) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) with Coronavirus (Covid-19) in Milan, Italy,” Science of the Total Environment 740 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140005; Leonardo Setti, “SARS-Cov-2 RNA Found on Particulate Matter of Bergamo in Northern Italy: First Evidence,” Environmental Research 188 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109754.

53 G. W. Hammond, R. L. Raddatz, and D. E. Gelskey, “Impact of Atmospheric Dispersion and Transport of Viral Aerosols on the Epidemiology of Influenza,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (1989), doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.3.494.

54 Dockery et al., “Association Between Air Pollution.”

55 C. Arden Pope III et al., “Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution,” JAMA 287, no. 9 (2002), doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.9.1132.

56 C. Arden Pope III, M. Ezzati, and D. W. Dockery, “Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0805646.

57 Dean E. Schraufnagel et al., “Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases,” Chest 155, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.042.

58 J. Schwartz, “Lung Function and Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES II,” Environmental Research 50, no. 2 (1989), doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(89)80012-x; B. Brunekreef and S. T. Holgate, “Air Pollution and Health,” The Lancet 360, no. 9341 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8; P. T. King, “Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease and Lung Cancer,” Clinical and Translational Medicine 4, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1186/s40169-015-0068-z.

59 M. S. Link et al., “Acute Exposure to Air Pollution Triggers Atrial Fibrillation,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62, no. 9 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.043; C. Arden Pope III et al., “Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Preferentially Associated with the Risk of St-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Events,” Journal of the American Heart Association 4, no. 12 (2015), doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002506.

60 Hammond, Raddatz, and Gelskey, “Impact of Atmospheric Dispersion.”

61 X. Wu et al., “Air Pollution and Covid-19 Mortality in the United States: Strengths and Limitations of an Ecological Regression Analysis,” Science Advances 6, no. 45 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4049.

62 Chaomin Wu et al., “Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China,” JAMA Internal Medicine 180, no. 7 (2020), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994; Chuan Qin et al., “Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients with Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in Wuhan, China,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 15 (2020), doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa248.

63 Pratik Sinha, Michael A. Matthay, and Carolyn S. Calfee, “Is a ‘Cytokine Storm’ Relevant to Covid-19?,” JAMA Internal Medicine 180, no. 9 (2020), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313.

64 Lijuan Qian, Jie Yu, and Heshui Shi, “Severe Acute Respiratory Disease in a Huanan Seafood Market Worker: Images of an Early Casualty,” Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200033.

65 Xiao Wu et al., “Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States,” Science Advances 6, no. 45 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4049.

66 Kota Katanoda, “An Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Mortality from Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases in Japan,” Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2011), doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100098; Karen Clay, “Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic,” Journal of Economic History 78, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1017/s002205071800058x.

67 Clay, “Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality.”

68 Y. Cui et al., “Air Pollution and Case Fatality of SARS in the People’s Republic of China: An Ecologic Study,” Environmental Health 2, no. 1 (2003), doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-2-15.

69 Anamika Pandey et al., “Health and Economic Impact of Air Pollution in the States of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,” Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30298-9.

70 Neil Genzlinger, “Kious Kelly, 48,” The New York Times, March 31, 2020, tinyurl.com/425crfcu.

71 Melinda Mitchell Jones, Kathleen M. Kearney, and Carrie Edwards, “Seeking PPE Protection: Is the Law on Your Side?,” Nursing Made Incredibly Easy 18, no. 6 (2020), tinyurl.com/4clueoux.

72 Daniele Fattorini and Francesco Regoli, “Role of the Chronic Air Pollution Levels in the Covid-19 Outbreak Risk in Italy,” Environmental Pollution 264 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114732.

73 Kaveri Gill, “The Informal Waste Sector: ‘Surplus’ Labour, Detritus, and the Right to the Post-Colonial City” in Research Handbook on Law, Environment and the Global South (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019).

74 これに関する優れた分析として，以下を参照のこと．Kaveri Gill, Of Poverty and Plastic: Scavenging and Scrap Trading Entrepreneurs in India’s Urban Informal Economy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010).

75 Praveen Chokhandre, Shrikant Singh, and Gyan Chandra Kashyap, “Prevalence, Predictors and Economic Burden of Morbidities Among Waste-Pickers of Mumbai, India: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 12, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1186/s12995-017-0176-3; Thayyil Jayakrishnan, Mathummal Jeeja, and Rao Bhaskar, “Occupational Health Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management Workers in India,” International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.4103/2277-9183.122430.

76 Federico Demaria and Seth Schindler, “Contesting Urban Metabolism: Struggles over Waste-to- Energy in Delhi, India,” Antipode 48, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/anti.12191.

77 F. M. Walters, The Principles of Health Control (Lexington, KY: D.C. Heath & Company, 1920), 102.

78 Matthias Ochs et al., “The Number of Alveoli in the Human Lung,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 169, no. 1 (2004), doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1107OC.

79 Ibid.; Rebecca Dezube, “Overview of the Respiratory System,” 2019, tinyurl.com/1v0nkkee.

80 C. C. Hsia, D. M. Hyde, and E. R. Weibel, “Lung Structure and the Intrinsic Challenges of Gas Exchange,” Comprehensive Physiology 6, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c150028.

81 Dezube, “Overview of Respiratory System.”

82 Lien Ai Pham-Huy, Hua He, and Chuong Pham-Huy, “Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health,” International Journal of Biomedical Science 4, no. 2 (2008), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23675073.

83 N. Azad, Y. Rojanasakul, and V. Vallyathan, “Inflammation and Lung Cancer: Roles of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews 11, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1080/10937400701436460.

84 I. Rahman and I. M. Adcock, “Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation of Lung Inflammation in COPD,” European Respiratory Journal 28 (2006), doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00053805.

85 Xing et al., “Impact of PM2.5 on Human Respiratory System”; Azad, Rojanasakul, and Vallyathan, “Inflammation and Lung Cancer.”

86 R. K. Wolff, “Effects of Airborne Pollutants on Mucociliary Clearance,” Environmental Health Perspectives 66 (1986), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8666223.

87 Yu Cao et al., “Environmental Pollutants Damage Airway Epithelial Cell Cilia: Implications for the Prevention of Obstructive Lung Diseases,” Thoracic Cancer 11, no. 3 (2020), doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.13323.

88 C. Arden Pope III et al., “Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Is Asso- ciated with Endothelial Injury and Systemic Inflammation,” Circulation Research 119, no. 11 (2016), doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279.

89 B. A. Franklin, R. Brook, and C. Arden Pope III, “Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease,” Current Problems in Cardiology 40, no. 5 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.01.003; Robert D. Brook et al., “Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease,” Circulation 121, no. 21 (2010), doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1; Stephen S. Lim et al., “A Comparative Risk Assessment of Burden of Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors and Risk Factor Clusters in 21 Regions, 1990–2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” The Lancet 380, no. 9859 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8.

90 H. Qiu et al., “Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly: A Cohort Study in Hong Kong,” Environment International 113 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.008.

91 John F. Pearson et al., “Association Between Fine Particulate Matter and Diabetes Prevalence in the U.S.,” Diabetes Care 33, no. 10 (2010), doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0698.

92 Carol Potera, “Toxicity Beyond the Lung: Connecting PM2.5, Inflammation, and Diabetes,” Environmental Health Perspectives 122, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-a29.

93 L. Calderon-Garciduenas et al., “Air Pollution and Brain Damage,” Toxicologic Pathology 30, no. 3 (2002), doi.org/10.1080/01926230252929954.

94 Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas et al., “Brain Inflammation and Alzheimer”s-Like Pathology in Individuals Exposed to Severe Air Pollution,” Toxicologic Pathology 32, no. 6 (2004), doi.org/10.1080/01926230490520232.

95 Ibid.

96 P. V. Moulton and W. Yang, “Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Environmental Public Health 2012 (2012), doi.org/10.1155/2012/472751.

97 Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas et al., “Hallmarks of Alzheimer Disease Are Evolving Relentlessly in Metropolitan Mexico City Infants, Children and Young Adults. Apoe4 Carriers Have Higher Suicide Risk and Higher Odds of Reaching NFT Stage V at ≤ 40 Years of Age,” Environmental Research 164 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.023.

98 Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas et al., “Exposure to Severe Urban Air Pollution Influences Cognitive Outcomes, Brain Volume and Systemic Inflammation in Clinically Healthy Children,” Brain and Cognition 77, no. 3 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2011.09.006.

99 Michael Gilraine, “Air Filters, Pollution and Student Achievement,” EdWorkingPapers .com (2020), www.edworkingpapers.com/ai20-188.

100 Heather E. Volk et al., “Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism,” JAMA Psychiatry 70, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266.

101 Barbara A. Maher et al., “Magnetite Pollution Nanoparticles in the Human Brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, no. 39 (2016), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605941113.

102 Ibid.

103 L. A. Calderon-Garciduenas et al. “Quadruple Abnormal Protein Aggregates in Brainstem Pathology and Exogenous Metal-Rich Magnetic Nanoparticles. The Substantia Nigrae Is a Very Early Target in Young Urbanites and the Gastrointestinal Tract Likely a Key Brainstem Portal,” Environmental Research (2020): 110139, doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110139; Scott Weichenthal et al. “Within-City Spatial Variations in Ambient Ultrafine Particle Concentrations and Incident Brain Tumors in Adults,” Epidemiology 31, no. 2 (2020): 177–83, doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001137.

104 Azad, Rojanasakul, and Vallyathan, “Inflammation and Lung Cancer.”

105 Meng Wang et al., “Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Change in Quantitatively Assessed Emphysema and Lung Function,” JAMA 322, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10255.

106 Robert A. Rohde and Richard A. Muller, “Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources,” PLOS One 10, no. 8 (2015), doi.org/10.1371 /journal.pone.0135749; Richard A. Muller and Elizabeth A. Muller, “Air Pollution and Cigarette Equivalence,” Berkeley Earth, December 17, 2015, berkeleyearth.org/air-pollution-and-cigarette-equivalence/.

107 Ahmad Rafay Alam, “The Lahore Smog Isn’t Indian Farmers’ Fault Alone. Pakistan Should Look Within,” The Print, November 19, 2019, theprint.in/opinion/the-lahore-smog-isnt-indian-farmers-fault-alone-pakistan-should-look-within/323094/.

108 Vanessa Resende Nogueira Cruvinel et al., “Health Conditions and Occupational Risks in a Novel Group: Waste Pickers in the Largest Open Garbage Dump in Latin America,” BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6879-x; Doyle Rice, “New Delhi’s Toxic, Polluted Air Chokes City’s 20 Million People, and the Haze Can Be Seen from Space,” USA Today, November 5, 2019, tinyurl.com/1wdhpku1.もし今住んでいる場所で，自分がどれだけひどい空気を吸っているか知りたいなら，「Sh**t! I Smoke」というサイトで有害物質の量をタバコに換算して教えてくれる（shootismoke.app）．

109 Sunil K. Chhabra et al., “Ambient Air Pollution and Chronic Respiratory Morbidity in Delhi,” Archives of Environmental Health 56, no. 1 (2001), doi.org/10.1080/00039890109604055.

110 Francesco Forastiere et al., “Socioeconomic Status, Particulate Air Pollution, and Daily Mortality: Differential Exposure or Differential Susceptibility,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50, no. 3 (2007), doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20368; Isabelle Romieu et al., “Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the Escala Study),” Research Report (Health Effects Institute), no. 171 (2012), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23311234; Sabit Cakmak et al., “The Modifying Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Relationship Between Traffic, Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Elementary Schoolchildren,” Journal of Environmental Management 177 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.051.

111 Anjum Hajat, Charlene Hsia, and Marie S. O’Neill, “Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: A Global Review,” Current Environmental Health Reports 2, no. 4 (2015), doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5.

112 Philip J. Landrigan et al., “The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health,” The Lancet 391, no. 10119 (2018): 13, doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32345-0.

113 Stephen Graham, “Life Support: The Political Ecology of Urban Air,” City 19, no. 2–3 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014710; Alana Hansen et al., “Residential Air-Conditioning and Climate Change: Voices of the Vulnerable,” Health Promotion Journal of Australia 22, no. 4 (2011), doi.org/10.1071/he11413.

114 Sunil Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, and Manish Rawat, “Resources and Utilization of Geothermal Energy in India: An Eco-Friendly Approach Towards Sustainability,” Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.347.

115 Jitendra Pandey et al., “Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Fire in Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India: An Appraisal,” Current Science 110, no. 9 (2016), doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i9/1639-1650.

116 Smita Gupta, “Jharia’s Century-Old Fire Kept Ablaze by Crime and Politics,” in The Wild East: Criminal Political Economies in South Asia, ed. Barbara Harriss-White and Lucia Michelutti (London: UCL Press, 2019).

117 Research Collective, Coallateral: A Report of the Independent People’s Tribunal on the MoU Signed Between Rajmahal Pahad Bachao Andolan and PANEM Coal Mines (New Delhi: Programme for Social Action, 2015), static1.squarespace.com/static/559b6c31e4b02802c8b26ce9/t/55bc97dde4b0c4bdc34f9ae2/1438671153846/Coallateral+-+English.pdf.

118 Nandini Sundar, The Burning Forest: India’s War Against the Maoists (London: Verso, 2019).

119 Sanjay G. Reddy, “All That Is Wrong with Modi Govt’s Obsession with Ease of Doing Business Rankings,” ThePrint, November 27, 2018, theprint.in/opinion/all-that-is-wrong-with-modi-govts-obsession-with-ease-of-doing-business-rankings/155160; Sangheon Lee, Deirdre McCann, and Nina Torm, “The World Bank’s ‘Employing Workers’ Index: Findings and Critiques — A Review of Recent Evidence,” International Labour Review 147, no. 4 (2008), doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2008.00043.x; Rush Doshi, Judith G. Kelley, and Beth A. Simmons, “The Power of Ranking: The Ease of Doing Business Indicator and Global Regulatory Behavior,” International Organization 73, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000158.

120 インドの構造的暴力が，栄養失調と発病という形だけで，年間200万人の命を奪っていることを理解するには，以下を参照のこと．Akhil Gupta, Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012).

121 Alpa Shah, Nightmarch: Among India’s Revolutionary Guerrillas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019), 38; Jason Miklian, “The Purification Hunt: The Salwa Judum Counterinsurgency in Chhattisgarh, India,” Dialectical Anthropology 33, no. 3 (2009), doi.org/10.1007/s10624-009-9138-1.

122 Sanjay Nigam, “Disciplining and Policing the ‘Criminals by Birth,’ Part 1: The Making of a Colonial Stereotype—The Criminal Tribes and Castes of North India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 27, no. 2 (1990), doi.org/10.1177/001946469002700201.ここでは，大英帝国到来前のインドが差別のない楽園だったと主張しているわけではない．たとえば死体を扱う仕事を担う集団への社会的軽蔑は，大英帝国が捏造したものではない．デイヴィッド・アーノルドが述べているように，犯罪者部族の一つドームが解剖室の雑役夫として雇われたのは，この人たちが死体処理を連想させるからだった．以下を参照のこと．David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 5［デイヴィッド・アーノルド『身体の植民地化――19世紀インドの国家医療と流行病』見市雅俊訳，みすず書房，2019，p. 6-7］．独立後のインド政府の官僚機構は，植民地化以前の社会的分断を何とか手なずけるために行政上のカテゴリーをつくり出したが，そのことによって，差別する新たな権力が生み出された．中東から東アフリカ，南アジアに到るまで，大英帝国の“分割して統治せよ”政策の犠牲になった死者数は数百万人に上る．A. J. Christopher, “‘Divide and Rule’: The Impress of British Separation Policies,” Area 20, no. 3 (1988), www.jstor.org/stable/20002624.

123 Rahi Gaikwad, “Manmohan: Naxalism the Greatest Internal Threat,” Hindu, October 11, 2009, tinyurl.com/gwo31086.

124 “Singh Sees ‘Vital Interest’ in Peace with Pakistan,” Dawn, June 10, 2009, tinyurl.com/1slsmt8l.

125 Sandeep Bamzai, “Chidambaram’s 2007 Flip-Flop Let Anil Agarwal’s Vedanta Take over Sesa Goa,” India Today, January 23, 2012, tinyurl.com/1kawt0q9.

126 Praful Bidwai, “War on Maoists,” Frontline, March 26, 2010, tinyurl.com/4v9guuj3.

127 Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

128 S. K. Sahu, T. Ohara, and G. Beig, “The Role of Coal Technology in Redefining India’s Climate Change Agents and Other Pollutants,” Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 10 (2017), doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa814a.

129 Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt, The Coal Nation: Histories, Ecologies and Politics of Coal in India (Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2014).

130 Rikard Warlenius, “Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt,” Journal of Environment and Development 27, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1177/1070496517744593.

131 Suzanne M. Simkovich et al., “The Health and Social Implications of Household Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases,” NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine 29, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41533-019-0126-x.

132 Sumeet Saksena, Raj Kumar Prasad, and V. Ravi Shankar, “Daily Exposure to Air Pollutants in Indoor, Outdoor and In-Vehicle Micro-Environments: A Pilot Study in Delhi,” Indoor and Built Environment 16, no. 1 (2007), doi.org/10.1177/1420326X06074715.

133 Jyoti Parikh, Kirk Smith, and Laxmi Vijay, “Indoor Air Pollution: A Reflection on Gender Bias,” Economic and Political Weekly 34, no. 9 (1999), www.jstor.org/stable/4407707.

134 Sarah Bradshaw and Maureen Fordham, “Double Disaster: Disaster Through a Gender Lens,” in Hazards, Risks and Disasters in Society, ed. Andrew E. Collins et al. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015).

135 Cecilia Sorensen et al., “Climate Change and Women’s Health: Impacts and Opportunities in India,” GeoHealth 2, no. 10 (2018), doi.org/10.1029/2018GH000163.

136 Max Ajl, “Eco-Fascisms and Eco-Socialisms,” Verso Blog, August 12, 2019, www.versobooks.com/blogs/4404-eco-fascisms-and-eco-socialisms; Bernhard Forchtner, “Climate Change and the Far Right,” WIREs Climate Change 10, no. 5 (2019), doi.org/10.1002/wcc.604.

137 Graham Lawton, “The Rise of Real Eco-Fascism,” New Scientist 243, no. 3243 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(19)31529-5.

138 Jordan Dyett and Cassidy Thomas, “Overpopulation Discourse: Patriarchy, Racism, and the Specter of Ecofascism,” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, no. 1–2 (2019), doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341514.

139 Bailey Richards, Krishna Rao, and David Bishai, Disparities in Child Mortality Among Religious Minorities in the Districts of India (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016), tinyurl.com/543x5kcv; Sana Contractor and Tejal Barai-Jaitly, “Social Exclusion and Health of Muslim Communities in Maharashtra,” eSocialSciences and Humanities 1, no. 2 (2018), tinyurl.com/x13k6mvs.

140 Contractor and Barai-Jaitly, “Social Exclusion and Health.”

141 Jason Cons, Sensitive Space: Fragmented Territory at the India-Bangladesh Border (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016).

142 Mirel Zaman, “The Surprising Ways Climate Change Is Already Affecting Our Health,” Refinery29, September 25, 2020, tinyurl.com/15v4sz6g.

143 Ye-Seul Lee et al., “Understanding Mind-Body Interaction from the Perspective of East Asian Medicine,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1155/2017/7618419.

144 Carina J. Gronlund et al., “Vulnerability to Renal, Heat and Respiratory Hospitalizations During Extreme Heat Among U.S. Elderly,” Climatic Change 136, no. 3–4 (2016), doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1638-9; Manish Pareek et al., “Ethnicity and Covid-19: An Urgent Public Health Research Priority,” The Lancet 395, no. 10234 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30922-3.

145 Stephane Hallegatte and Julie Rozenberg, “Climate Change Through a Poverty Lens,” Nature Climate Change 7, no. 4 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3253; F. Canoui-Poitrine et al., “Excess Deaths During the August 2003 Heat Wave in Paris, France,” Revue d’épidémiologie et de santé publique 54, no. 2 (2006), doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(06)76706-2; Jan C. Semenza et al., “Heat-Related Deaths During the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago,” New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 2 (1996), doi.org/10.1056/nejm199607113350203.

146 International Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 — Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), tinyurl.com/1glpms58［要約やよくある質問など，一部の邦訳が気象庁ウェブサイトの以下のページにある．「IPCC第4次評価報告書（AR4）」https://www.data.jma.go.jp/cpdinfo/ipcc/ar4/index.html］；Steven W. Running, “The 5 Stages of Climate Grief,” Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group Publications 173 (2007), scholarworks.umt.edu/ntsg_pubs/173.

147 Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, On Grief and Grieving: Finding the Meaning of Grief Through the Five Stages of Loss, ed. David Kessler (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005)［エリザベス・キューブラー・ロス『死ぬ瞬間――死とその過程について』鈴木晶訳，中公文庫，改版，2020］．

148 Parita Mukta, “The ‘Civilizing Mission’: The Regulation and Control of Mourning in Colonial India,” Feminist Review 63, no. 1 (1999): 37, doi.org/10.1080/014177899339045.

149 Shah, Nightmarch, 33–34.

150 Shiri Pasternak and Dayna Nadine Scott, “Introduction: Getting Back the Land,” South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8177723.

151 Paul Trawick, “Against the Privatization of Water: An Indigenous Model for Improving Existing Laws and Successfully Governing the Commons,” World Development 31, no. 6 (2003), doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(03)00049-4; Ashwini Chhatre and Arun Agrawal, “Forest Commons and Local Enforcement,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 36 (2008), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803399105; Arun Agrawal, Ashwini Chhatre, and Rebecca Hardin, “Changing Governance of the World’s Forests,” Science 320, no. 5882 (2008), doi.org/10.1126/science.1155369; Sergio Villamayor-Tomas and Gustavo Garcia-Lopez, “Social Movements as Key Actors in Governing the Commons: Evidence from Community-Based Resource Management Cases across the World,” Global Environmental Change 53 (2018), doi .org /doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.005.

152 Elizabeth Rata, “Encircling the Commons: Neotribal Capitalism in New Zealand Since 2000,” Anthropological Theory 11, no. 3 (2011), doi.org/10.1177/1463499611416724.

153 Anirban Akhand et al., “High Cadmium Contamination at the Gateway to Sundarban Ecosystem Driven by Kolkata Metropolitan Sewage in India,” Current Science 110, no. 3 (2016), www.jstor.org/stable/24906783.

154 Amitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 172［アミタヴ・ゴーシュ『大いなる錯乱――気候変動と〈思考しえぬもの〉』三原芳秋，井沼香保里訳，以文社，2022，p. 210］．

155 Kate C. McLean et al., “The Empirical Structure of Narrative Identity: The Initial Big Three,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 4 (2020), doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000247.

156 Jo-Ann Archibald, Indigenous Storywork: Educating the Heart, Mind, Body and Spirit (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008); Jonathan A. Draper, Orality, Literacy, and Colonialism in Antiquity (Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004); Asoka Kumar Sen, Indigeneity, Landscape and History: Adivasi Self-Fashioning in India (London: Routledge, 2018).

157 Archibald, Indigenous Storywork.

158 LeAnne Howe, “Tribalography: The Power of Native Stories,” Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 14, no. 1 (1999), journals.ku.edu/jdtc/article/view/3325/3254.

159 Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass (Minneapolis: Milkweed, 2013) ［ロビン・ウォール・キマラー『植物と叡智の守り人――ネイティブアメリカンの植物学者が語る科学・癒し・伝承』三木直子訳，築地書館，2018，p. 22］．

160 Louise Fowler-Smith, “Adorning and Adoring: The Sacred Trees of India,” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 12, no. 3 (2018), doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.33347; K. S. Singh, “The Munda Epic: An Interpretation,” India International Centre Quarterly 19, no. 1–2 (1992), www.jstor.org/stable/23002221; Vivian M. Jimenez Estrada, “The Tree of Life as a Research Methodology,” Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 34 (2005), doi.org/10.1017/S1326011100003951; Renee M. Borges, “The Sacred in Forests, Trees, and Seeds: Boon or Bane of Ecosystem Services?,” in Anthropology, Nutrition and Wildlife Conservation, ed. Edmond Dounias, Igor de Garine, and Valerie de Garine (Guadalajara: University of Guadalajara, forthcoming); George Lechler, “The Tree of Life in Indo-European and Islamic Cultures,” Ars Islamica 4 (1937), www.jstor.org/stable/25167048; Padmaja Sen, “The Culture of Present: An Understanding of the Adivasi Aesthetics,” Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies 1, no. 1 (2014).

161 S. B. Chandrasekar et al., “Phytopharmacology of Ficus religiosa,” Pharmacognosy Reviews 4, no. 8 (2010), doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70918.

162 H. W. Jung et al., “Methanol Extract of Ficus Leaf Inhibits the Production of Nitric Oxide and Proinflammatory Cytokines in LPS-Stimulated Microglia via the MAPK Pathway,” Phytotherapy Research 22, no. 8 (2008), doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2442.

163 Hugo Asselin, “Indigenous Forest Knowledge,” in Routledge Handbook of Forest Ecology, ed. Kelvin S. H. Peh (London: Routledge, 2015).

164 Claudia Sobrevila, The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Biodiversity Conservation (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008); S. T. Garnett, “A Spatial Overview of the Global Importance of Indigenous Lands for Conservation,” Nature Sustainability 1, no. 7 (2018),doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6.

165 Mark Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 4.

166 Eric Michael Johnson, “How John Muir’s Brand of Conservation Led to the Decline of Yosemite,” Scientific American, August 13, 2014, blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/how-john-muir-s-brand-of-conservation-led-to-the-decline-of-yosemite/.

167 John Muir, The Mountains of California (New York: Century, 1894), chap. 5［ジョン・ミューア『山の博物誌――ザ・マウンテンズ・オブ・カリフォルニア』小林勇次訳，立風書房，1994，p. 89］．

168 William D. Nikolakis and Emma Roberts, “Indigenous Fire Management: A Conceptual Model from Literature,” Ecology and Society 25, no. 4 (2020): 11, doi.org/10.5751/ES-11945-250411.

169 Andrew E. Scholl and Alan H. Taylor, “Fire Regimes, Forest Change, and Self-Organization in an Old-Growth Mixed-Conifer Forest, Yosemite National Park, USA,” Ecological Applications 20, no. 2 (2010), doi.org/10.1890/08-2324.1.

170 Ibid.

171 Archibald, Indigenous Storywork.

172 Naykky Singh Ospina et al., “Eliciting the Patient’s Agenda — Secondary Analysis of Recorded Clinical Encounters,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 34, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4540-5.

173 Archibald, Indigenous Storywork.

第５章　生殖系

1 Alameda County Public Health Department, “Healthy Alameda County: Life Expectancy Tables” (Oakland, CA, 2021), tinyurl.com/1bnfd2es.

2 Malcolm Margolin, The Ohlone Way (Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1978)［マルコム・マーゴリン『オローニの日々――サンフランシスコ先住民のくらしと足跡』冨岡多恵子訳，人間家族編集室，2003，p. 16］．

3 Nels Christina Nelson, Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1909).

4 Alison Griner, “‘On My Ancestors’ Remains”: The Fight for Sacred Lands,” Al Jazeera, December16, 2019, tinyurl.com/1h71k8sq.

5 K. E. French and W. R. Stanley,. “A Game of European Colonization in Africa,” Journal of Geography 73, no. 7 (1974): 44–48.

6 Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch (New York: Autonomedia, 2004)［シルヴィア・フェデリーチ『キャリバンと魔女――資本主義に抗する女性の身体』小田原琳，後藤あゆみ訳，以文社，2017］．

7 Lauren Cross, Lauren Seitz, and Shannon Walter, “The First of Its Kind,” Digital Literature Review 3 (2016); Catherine Hodeir, ed., Decentering the Gaze at French Colonial Exhibitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Karen Sotiropoulos, “‘Town of God’: Ota Benga, the Batetela Boys, and the Promise of Black America,” Journal of World History 26, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0002; Pamela Newkirk, “Ota Benga in the Archives: Unmaking Myths, Mapping Resistance in the Margins of History,” Journal of Contemporary African Art 2016, no. 38–39 (2016): 172.

8 Federici, Caliban and the Witch［フェデリーチ『キャリバンと魔女』］．

9 Wallace Notestein, A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718 (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1911), 49.

10 Erika Gasser, “Witchcraft, Possession, and the Unmaking of Women and Men: A Late-Sixteenth-Century English Case Study,” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 11, no. 2 (2016): 156, doi.org/10.1353/mrw.2016.0013.この少女がかくも説得力ある演技で悪魔憑きを演じたのは何かで読んだのだろう，それは何か，と歴史家は考えてきた．フランツ・ファノンの博士論文は，根底には神経症状があり，それが文化的な調整を経て顕現した可能性を示唆している．Frantz Fanon and Asselah Slimane, “The Phenomenon of Agitation in the Psychiatric Milieu: General Considerations, Psychopathological Meaning,” in Alienation and Freedom, ed. Jean Khalfa and Robert J. C. Young, trans. Steven Corcoran (London: Bloomsbury, 2018).

11 Gasser, “Witchcraft, Possession.”

12 Barbara Rosen, ed., Witchcraft in England, 1558–1618 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 241.

13 レディ・クロムウェルは，オリヴァー・クロムウェルの祖父サー・ヘンリー・クロムウェルの2番目の妻で，姉妹の父ロバート・スロックモートンの友人だった．Orna Alyagon Darr, “Experiments in the Courtroom: Social Dynamics and Spectacles of Proof in Early Modern English Witch Trials,” Law and Social Inquiry 39, no. 1 (2014): 157, doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12054.

14 Gasser, “Witchcraft, Possession,” 155.

15 Ibid., 163.

16 Anne Reiber DeWindt, “Witchcraft and Conflicting Visions of the Ideal Village Community,” Journal of British Studies 34, no. 4 (1995), www.jstor.org/stable/175779.

17 Rosen, Witchcraft in England, 296–97.

18 J. A. Dossett, “The Nature of Breast Secretion in Infancy,” Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 80, no. 1 (1960); T. R. Forbes, “Witch’s Milk and Witches’ Marks,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 22, no. 3 (1950), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15399986.

19 Keith Thomas, “The Relevance of Social Anthropology to the Historical Study of English Witchcraft,” in Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations, ed. Mary Douglas (London: Tavistock, 1970).

20 Carolyn Merchant, “The Scientific Revolution and The Death of Nature,” Isis 97, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/doi:10.1086/508090.

21 Darr, “Experiments in the Courtroom.”

22 Silvia Federici, Re-Enchanting the World: Feminism and the Politics of the Commons (Oakland: PM Press, 2018).

23 American Physical Society, “August 1620: Kepler’s Mother Imprisoned for Witchcraft,” APS News 24, no. 8 (2015), www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201508/physicshistory.cfm; Jeremy Bernstein, “Heaven’s Net: The Meeting of John Donne and Johannes Kepler,” American Scholar 66, no. 2 (1997), www.jstor.org/stable/41212614; James A. Connor, Kepler’s Witch: An Astronomer’s Discovery of Cosmic Order amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2004).

24 Bernstein, “Heaven’s Net,” 180.

25 Silvia Federici, Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women (Oakland: PM Press, 2018), 35.

26 Fred Charles Moten, The Poetics of the Undercommons (New York: Sputnik & Fizzle, 2016).

27 Miranda Fricker, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 7［ミランダ・フリッカー『認識的不正義――権力は知ることの倫理にどのようにかかわるのか』佐藤邦政監訳，飯塚理恵訳，勁草書房，2023，p. 8–9］．

28 Susan Brownmiller, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (New York: Dial Press, 1999). 以下に引用されている．Miranda Fricker, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 148–49［フリッカー『認識的不正義』，p. 191–192］．

29 Jeff Wicks, “Helena, the Desolate Exile, Has Become Known as the ‘Place of Witches,’” Sunday Times, April 14, 2019, tinyurl.com/3c9l9l2u; Lucia Newman, “Brazilian Social Group Alleges Witch-Hunt Since Bolsonaro’s Win,” Aljazeera, December 30, 2018, tinyurl.com/3mfxgkqp; Andrea Martinelli, “Witch Hunts Are Back—And This Time They’re Targeting Female Activists,” HuffPost Brazil, October 1, 2019, tinyurl.com/eu6yk403.

30 Samar Bosu Mullick, “Gender Relations and Witches Among the Indigenous Communities of Jharkhand, India,” Gender, Technology and Development 4, no. 3 (2000), doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2000.11909975.

31 Tanvi Yadav, “Witch Hunting: A Form of Violence Against Dalit Women in India,” CASTE/A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 2 (2020); Silvia Federici, “Women, Witch-Hunting and Enclosures in Africa Today,” Sozial .Geschichte Online 3 (2010); Friday A. Eboiyehi, “Convicted Without Evidence: Elderly Women and Witchcraft Accusations in Contemporary Nigeria,” Journal of International Women’s Studies 18, no. 4 (2017), vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol18/iss4/18; Sharit K. Bhowmik, “Review: Adivasi Women Workers in Tea Plantations,” Economic and Political Weekly 49, no. 49 (2014), www.jstor.org/stable/24481050.

32 Federici, Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women, 42.

33 “The Bull Romanus Pontifex, January 8, 1455,” in European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648, ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1917), 23.

34 Special Rapporteur, Preliminary Study of the Impact on Indigenous Peoples of the International Legal Construct Known as the Doctrine of Discovery, E/C.19/2010/13 (New York: UN General Assembly, 2010).

35 Tonya Gonnella Frichner, “The Preliminary Study on the Doctrine of Discovery Symposium on the Prospects for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” Pace Environmental Law Review 28, no. 1 (2010): 345, heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/penv28&i=341.

36 Blake A. Watson, “The Impact of the American Doctrine of Discovery on Native Land Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand,” Seattle University Law Review 34, no. 2 (2010): 552.

37 Robert J. Miller et al., Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010); Jacinta Ruru, “Lenses of Comparison Across Continents: Understanding Modern Aboriginal Title in Tsilhqot’in Nation and Ngati Apa,” UBC Law Review 48, no. 3 (2015): 942.

38 United Nations, Preliminary Study Shows “Doctrine of Discovery” Legal Construct Historical Root for Ongoing Violations of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, Permanent Forum Told (New York: United Nations, 2010).

39 Susan M. Hill, The Clay We Are Made Of: Haudenosaunee Land Tenure on the Grand River (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2017), 11.

40 Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields, “A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 21, no. 2 (1997), doi.org/10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510.

41 Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass (Minneapolis: Milkweed, 2013), chap. 1［ロビン・ウォール・キマラー『植物と叡智の守り人――ネイティブアメリカンの植物学者が語る科学・癒し・伝承』三木直子訳，築地書館，2018，p. 15–16］．

42 Barbara A. Mann, “The Lynx in Time: Haudenosaunee Women’s Traditions and History,” American Indian Quarterly 21, no. 3 (1997), doi.org/10.2307/1185516.

43 Laiwan, “Return to the Water: First Nations Relations with Salmon,” Hydrologic blog, January 29, 2021, www2.laiwanette.net/fountain/return-to-the-water-first-nations-relations-with-salmon/.

44 Irene Silverblatt, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 172–73［アイリーン・シルバーブラット『月と太陽と魔女――ジェンダーによるアンデス世界の統合と支配』染田秀藤訳，岩波書店，2001］．

45 Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Pearson Education, 2006).

46 Heidi I. Hartmann, “The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class, and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework,” Signs 6, no. 3 (1981), doi.org/10.1086/493813.

47 Daniel Scott Smith, “The Curious History of Theorizing About the History of the Western Nuclear Family,” Social Science History 17, no. 3 (1993), doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200018629.

48 Richard Phillips, “Settler Colonialism and the Nuclear Family,” Canadian Geographer 53, no. 2 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00256.x.

49 Richard Allen Chapman, “Leviathan Writ Small: Thomas Hobbes on the Family,” American Political Science Review 69, no. 1 (1975), doi.org/10.2307/1957886.

50 bell hooks and Tanya McKinnon, “Sisterhood: Beyond Public and Private,” Signs 21, no. 4 (1996), www.jstor.org/stable/3175025; Stephanie Coontz, The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600–1900 (London: Verso, 1988).「大いなる栽培化」については以下を参照のこと．C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004)［C・A・ベイリ『近代世界の誕生――グローバルな連関と比較1780–1914』上下，平田雅博，吉田正広，細川道久訳，名古屋大学出版会，2018］；Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), chap. 4［ラジ・パテル，ジェイソン・W・ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』福井昌子訳，作品社，2025，第4章］．

51 Friederike Habermann, “Hegemonie, Identitat und der homo oeconomicus Oder: Warum feministische Okonomie nicht ausreicht,” in Gender and Economics, ed. Christine Bauhardt and Gulay Caglar (Berlin: Springer, 2010), doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92347-5; Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour (London: Zed, 1986)［マリア・ミース『国際分業と女性――進行する主婦化』奥田暁子訳，日本経済評論社，1997］．

52 Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí, The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

53 Sue-Ellen Jacobs and Jason Cromwell, “Visions and Revisions of Reality: Reflections on Sex, Sexuality, Gender, and Gender Variance,” Journal of Homosexuality 23, no. 4 (1992), doi.org/10.1300/J082v23n04_03.

54 Sandra E. Hollimon, “The Third Gender in Native California: Two-Spirit Undertakers Among the Chumash and Their Neighbors,” in Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, ed. Cheryl Claassen and Rosemary A. Joyce (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994); Scott Lauria Morgensen, Spaces Between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011).

55 Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2020).同じ道具が今日では，ジェンダーのジレンマに苦しむ人を解放するために使用されている．このことが示しているのは，問題となるのは道具そのものではなく，それを用いる際に背景にある考え方であるということだ．

56 Gervase Markham and Michael R. Best, The English Housewife (Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1986); Kristin A. Collins, “Federalism’s Fallacy: The Early Tradition of Federal Family Law and the Invention of States’ Rights,” Cardozo Law Review 26, no. 5 (2005): 1866.

57 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Study on Homicide: Gender-Related Killing of Women and Girls (UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 2019).

58 Claudia Garcia-Moreno et al., “Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence,” The Lancet 368, no. 9543 (2006): 1264, doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8.

59 Shannon Speed, “States of Violence: Indigenous Women Migrants in the Era of Neoliberal Multicriminalism,” Critique of Anthropology 36, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1177/0308275x16646834.

60 George P. Chrousos, “Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Emotional and Physical Well-Being: Concurrent Effects and Chronic Sequelae,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 106, no. 5 (2000), doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110163.

61 Evan Stark, Anne Flitcraft, and William Frazier, “Medicine and Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a ‘Private’ Event,” International Journal of Health Services 9, no. 3 (1979): 484, doi.org/10.2190/KTLU-CCU7-BMNQ-V2KY.

62 Debra Houry et al., “Violence-Inflicted Injuries: Reporting Laws in the Fifty States,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 39, no. 1 (2002), doi.org/10.1067/mem.2002.117759; Eileen F. Baker et al., “Law Enforcement and Emergency Medicine: An Ethical Analysis,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 68, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.02.013; Henriette Roscam Abbing, “Medical Confidentiality and Patient Safety: Reporting Procedures,” European Journal of Health Law 21, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341319.

63 Vivian Ho, “SF Man Found Guilty of Killing Girlfriend, Throwing Body in Bay,” SFGate, June 15, 2017, tinyurl.com/t3c9h289.

64 San Francisco Police Department, Officer Involved Shootings Historical Data, 2020, tinyurl.com/1398yjw4.

65 たとえば以下を参照のこと．A. Negro, “Christian Missions in West Africa,” Fraser’s Magazine 14, no. 82 (1876).

66 “‘Brasil e uma virgem que todo tarado de fora quer,’ diz Bolsonaro ao falar sobre Amazonia,” Globo .com, July 6, 2019, g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/07/06/brasil-e-uma-virgem-que-todo-tarado-de-fora-quer-diz-bolsonaro-ao-falar-sobre-amazonia.ghtml.

67 Rick Ruddell et al., “Drilling Down: An Examination of the Boom-Crime Relationship in Resource-Based Boom Counties,” Western Criminology Review 15 (2014), www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v15n1/Ruddell.pdf.

68 R. Bachman, Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and the Criminal Justice Response: What Is Known (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 2008), www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf.

69 Sarah Bradshaw, Brian Linneker, and Lisa Overton, “Extractive Industries as Sites of Supernormal Profits and Supernormal Patriarchy?,” Gender and Development 25, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1379780; Itza Castaneda Camey et al., Gender-Based Violence and Environment Linkages: The Violence of Inequality (Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 2020); Adriana Eftimie, Katherine Heller, and John Strongman, Gender Dimensions of the Extractive Industries: Mining for Equity (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009).

70 Andre Rosay, “Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men,” National Institute of Justice Journal (2016), tinyurl.com/zjmkhwzm.

71 Bachman, Violence Against American Indian.

72 Danielle L. McGuire, “‘It Was Like All of Us Had Been Raped’: Sexual Violence, Community Mobilization, and the African American Freedom Struggle,” Journal of American History 91, no. 3 (2004), doi.org/10.2307/3662860.

73 Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation［ミース『国際分業と女性』］；Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980)［キャロリン・マーチャント『自然の死――科学革命と女・エコロジー』団まりなほか訳，工作舎，1985］．

74 Haywood L. Brown et al., “Black Women Health Inequity: The Origin of Perinatal Health Disparity,” Journal of the National Medical Association (forthcoming), doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2020.11.008.

75 P. Dasgupta et al., “Variations in Outcomes for Indigenous Women with Breast Cancer in Australia: A Systematic Review,” European Journal of Cancer Care 26, no. 6 (2017), doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12662.

76 Claudia R. Valeggia and J. Josh Snodgrass, “Health of Indigenous Peoples,” Annual Review of Anthropology 44, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013831.

77 Miriam Rich, “The Curse of Civilised Woman: Race, Gender and the Pain of Childbirth in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine,” Gender and History 28, no. 1 (2016): 60, doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12177.

78 Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997); Molly R. Altman et al., “Listening to Women: Recommendations from Women of Color to Improve Experiences in Pregnancy and Birth Care,” Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health 65, no. 4 (2020), doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13102; Brittany D. Chambers et al., “Black Women’s Perspectives on Structural Racism Across the Reproductive Lifespan: A Conceptual Framework for Measurement Development,” Maternal and Child Health Journal (2021), doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03074-3.

79 Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).

80 Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers, They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019).

81 Eric Foner, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (New York: Norton, 2016).

82 Martia Graham Goodson, “Enslaved Africans and Doctors in South Carolina,” Journal of the National Medical Association 95, no. 3 (2003), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2594411.

83 Martia G. Goodson, “Medical-Botanical Contributions of African Slave Women to American Medicine,” Western Journal of Black Studies 11, no. 4 (1987).

84 Francis Peyre Porcher, “A Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the Plants and Ferns of St. John’s, Berkly, South-Carolina” (Medical College of the State of South-Carolina, 1847), 13, tinyurl.com/25c9j5v5.

85 Mareike Maas, Alexandra M. Deters, and Andreas Hensel, “Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Extracts, Eupafolin, and Dimeric Guaianolide via iNOS Inhibitory Activity and Modulation of Inflammation-Related Cytokines and Chemokines,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.040.

86 Francis Peyre Porcher, Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural (Charleston, SC: Walker, Evans & Cogswell, 1869), 202.

87 Paul F. Munde, “Dr. J. Marion Sims — The Father of Modern Gynecology: Being an Address Delivered October 20, 1894, in Bryant Park, New York, on the Unveiling of the Statue of Dr. J. Marion Sims,” Medical Record (1866–1922) 46, no. 17 (1894); Jeffrey S. Sartin, “J. Marion Sims, the Father of Gynecology: Hero or Villain?,” Southern Medical Journal 97, no. 5 (2004), doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200405000-00017.

88 James Marion Sims, The Story of My Life (New York: D. Appleton, 1884), 234.

89 Wagner, Ernst. A Manual of General Pathology: For the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine (New York: William Wood, 1876), 769.

90 G. L. Smith and G. Williams, “Vesicovaginal Fistula,” BJU International 83, no. 5 (2001), doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00006.x.

91 L. Lewis Wall, “The Controversial Dr. J. Marion Sims (1813–1883),” International Urogynecology Journal 31, no. 7 (2020), doi.org/10.1007/s00192-020-04301-9.

92 Stephen C. Kenny, “‘I Can Do the Child No Good’: Dr. Sims and the Enslaved Infants of Montgomery, Alabama,” Social History of Medicine 20, no. 2 (2007), doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkm036; Sims, Story of My Life, 230.

93 Terri Kapsalis, Public Privates: Performing Gynecology from Both Ends of the Speculum (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), 43.

94 D. Ojanuga, “The Medical Ethics of the ‘Father of Gynaecology,’ Dr. J. Marion Sims,” Journal of Medical Ethics 19, no. 1 (1993), doi.org/10.1136/jme.19.1.28; L. L. Wall, “The Medical Ethics of Dr. J. Marion Sims: A Fresh Look at the Historical Record,” Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 6 (2006), doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.012559.

95 Carlye Chaney et al., “Systematic Review of Chronic Discrimination and Changes in Biology During Pregnancy Among African American Women,” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 6, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00622-8.

96 James W. Collins, Jr., Shou-Yien Wu, and Richard J. David, “Differing Intergenerational Birth Weights Among the Descendants of US-Born and Foreign-Born Whites and African Americans in Illinois,” American Journal of Epidemiology 155, no. 3 (2002), doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.3.210.

97 Youli Yao et al., “Ancestral Exposure to Stress Epigenetically Programs Preterm Birth Risk and Adverse Maternal and Newborn Outcomes,” BMC Medicine 12, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0121-6.

98 D. C. Owens and S. M. Fett, “Black Maternal and Infant Health: Historical Legacies of Slavery,” American Journal of Public Health 109, no. 10 (2019): 1343, doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305243.

99 Rabah Kamal, What Do We Know About Infant Mortality in the US and Comparable Countries? (San Francisco: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2019), tinyurl.com/1nrwtrcq.

100 Alice Chen, “Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in the United States Than in Europe?,” American Journal of Economic Policy 8, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140224.

101 Brad N. Greenwood et al., “Physician-Patient Racial Concordance and Disparities in Birthing Mortality for Newborns,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 35 (2020), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913405117.

102 Chambers et al., “Black Women’s Perspectives on Structural Racism.”

103 Altman et al., “Listening to Women.”

104 Radostina K. Purvanova and John P. Muros, “Gender Differences in Burnout: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 77, no. 2 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006.

105 Maya Dusenbery, Doing Harm: The Truth About How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick (New York: Harper- One, 2017), 43.

106 以下を参照のこと．Michael E. Franks, Gordon R. Macpherson, and William D. Figg, “Thalidomide,” The Lancet 363, no. 9423 (2004), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16308-3; Dusenbery, Doing Harm.

107 Paul M. Ridker et al., “The Effect of Chronic Platelet Inhibition with Low-Dose Aspirin on Atherosclerotic Progression and Acute Thrombosis: Clinical Evidence from the Physicians’ Health Study,” American Heart Journal 122, no. 6 (1991), doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(91)90275-M.

108 Brian McKinstry, “Are There Too Many Female Medical Graduates? Yes,” BMJ 336, no. 7647 (2008), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39505.491065.94; Association of American Medical Colleges, 2020 Fall Applicant, Matriculant, and Enrollment Data Tables (Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2020), www.aamc.org/media/49911/download.

109 Meredith Alberta Palmer, “Land, Family, Body: Measurement and the Racial Politics of US Colonialism in Haudenosaunee Country,” Ph.D. diss., University of California, 2020.

110 Saba Hemmati et al., “Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Cutaneous Wound Healing Effects of Copper Nanoparticles Using the Aqueous Extract of Strawberry Fruit and L-Ascorbic Acid,” Polyhedron 180 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114425.

111 Joy Ann Bilharz, The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998).

112 Laurence M. Hauptman, “The Meddlesome Friend: Philip Evan Thomas Among the Onondawa´ Ga´: 1838–1861,” in Quakers and Native Americans, ed. Ignacio Gallup-Diaz and Geoffrey Plank (Leiden: Brill, 2019), brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004388178/BP000009.xml; Lori Quigley, “Thomas Indian School: Social Experiment Resulting in Traumatic Effects.” Judicial Notice: A Periodical of New York Court History, no. 14 (2019): 49–63.

113 Chris Cunneen, “Legal and Political Responses to the Stolen Generations: Lessons from Ireland?,” Indigenous Law Bulletin 5, no. 27 (2003); Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Stolen Generations and Descendants: Numbers, Demographic Characteristics and Selected Outcomes (Canberra: AIHW, 2018); Kirsten Kamphuis and Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk, “Education, Labour, and Discipline: New Perspectives on Imperial Practices and Indigenous Children in Colonial Asia,” International Review of Social History 65, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1017/S0020859019000750; Bob W. White, “Talk About School: Education and the Colonial Project in French and British Africa (1860–1960),” Comparative Education 32, no. 1 (1996), doi.org/10.1080/03050069628902.

114 Donna Haraway, “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin,” Environmental Humanities 6, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934.

115 Beth H. Piatote, Domestic Subjects: Gender, Citizenship, and Law in Native American Literature (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 12.

116 I. Mudnic et al., “Cardiovascular Effects in Vitro of Aqueous Extract of Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca, L.) Leaves,” Phytomedicine 16, no. 5 (2009), doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.11.004.

117 Sarah L. Surface-Evans, “‘I Could Feel Your Heart,’” in Archaeologies of the Heart, ed. Kisha Supernant et al. (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2020); Sonya Atalay, “An Archaeology Led by Strawberries,” ibid.; and Leanne Simpson, ‘Bubbling Like a Beating Heart’: Reflections on Nishnaabeg Poetic and Narrative Consciousness,” in Indigenous Poetics in Canada, ed. Neal McLeod (Waterlook. Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2014): 108.

118 Harold A. Johnson, “The Contributions of Private Strawberry Breeders,” Hort-Science 25, no. 8 (1990), doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.25.8.897; Sara Moffatt Schenck and Edward Winslow Gifford, Karok Ethnobotany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952); Chad E. Finn et al., “The Chilean Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis): Over 1000 Years of Domestication,” HortScience 48, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.4.418.

119 Naomi Roht-Arriaza, “Of Seeds and Shamans: The Appropriation of the Scientific and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities,” Michigan Journal of International Law 17, no. 4 (1995): 966, heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/mjil17&i=929.

120 Julie Guthman, Wilted: Pathogens, Chemicals, and the Fragile Future of the Strawberry Industry (Oakland: University of California Press, 2019), 7.

121 Danny K. Asami et al., “Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze-Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry, Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional, Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 5 (2003), doi.org/10.1021/jf020635c; Agnieszka Najda et al., “Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Contents in Fragaria Vesca L. Fruits,” Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 21, no. 2 (2014).

122 Shamsherjit Kaur et al., “Potential Pharmacological Strategies for the Improved Treatment of Organophosphate-Induced Neurotoxicity,” Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 92, no. 11 (2014), doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2014-0113; Timothy C Marrs, “Organophosphates: History, Chemistry, Pharmacology,” in Organophosphates and Health, ed. Stanley Feldman et al. (London: Imperial College Press, 2001).

123 Maryse F. Bouchard et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Iq in 7-Year-Old Children,” Environmental Health Perspectives 119, no. 8 (04/21 11/08/received 04/13/accepted 2011), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003185.

124 D. H. Wall, U. N. Nielsen, and J. Six, “Soil Biodiversity and Human Health,” Nature 528, no. 7580 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/nature15744.

125 Sara A. Quandt and Thomas A. Arcury, “The Status of Latinx Occupational Health,” in New and Emerging Issues in Latinx Health, edited by A. D. Martinez and S. D. Rhodes (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2020), 197–216, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24043-1_9.

126 Rachel Soper, “How Wage Structure and Crop Size Negatively Impact Farmworker Livelihoods in Monocrop Organic Production: Interviews with Strawberry Harvesters in California,” Agriculture and Human Values (2019): 331.

127 Shanna H. Swan, “Semen Quality in Fertile US Men in Relation to Geographical Area and Pesticide Exposure,” Journal of Pineal Research 29, no. 1 (2006), doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00620.x; Youn K. Shim, Steven P. Mlynarek, and Edwin Van Wijngaarden, “Parental Exposure to Pesticides and Childhood Brain Cancer: U.S. Atlantic Coast Childhood Brain Cancer Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives 117, no. 6 (2009), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800209.

128 Omid Mehrpour et al., “Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Consequences on Male Semen and Fertility: A Review,” Toxicology Letters 230, no. 2 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029.

129 T. Colborn, “A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment,” Environ Health Perspectives 114, no. 1 (2006), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7940.

130 Asami et al., “Comparison of Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content.”

131 Wasim Aktar, Dwaipayan Sengupta, and Ashim Chowdhury, “Impact of Pesticides Use in Agriculture: Their Benefits and Hazards,” Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-001-7.

132 駄目押しとしてもう一つ付け加えておくと，コーネル大学を始め，合衆国の「無償払い下げ地」に立地するこうした大学に寄贈された土地は，先住民から盗み取った土地である．Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone, “Land-Grab Universities,” High Country News, March 30, 2020, tinyurl.com/1qtb7d30.

133 Community Alliance for Global Justice, Messengers of Gates’ Agenda: A Case Study of the Cornell Alliance for Science Global Leadership Fellows Program (Seattle, WA: AGRA Watch, 2020); Tim Schwab, “Journalism’s Gates Keepers,” Columbia Journalism Review, August 21, 2020, www.cjr.org/criticism/gates-foundation-journalism-funding.php.

134 Anne-Emanuelle Birn and Elizabeth Fee, “The Rockefeller Foundation and the International Health Agenda,” The Lancet 381, no. 9878 (2013): 1619.

135 Anne-Emanuelle Birn, “Philanthrocapitalism, Past and Present: The Rockefeller Foundation, the Gates Foundation, and the Setting (S) of the International/ Global Health Agenda,” Hypothesis 12, no. 1 (2014), pdfs.semanticscholar.org/68af/1700ca6cd1a9fc05a611b9dd6fef52e9c06c.pdf.

136 Raj Patel, Eric Holt Gimenez, and Annie Shattuck, “Ending Africa’s Hunger,” The Nation, September 21, 2009, www.thenation.com/article/ending-africas-hunger.

137 Jules Pretty et al., “Assessment of the Growth in Social Groups for Sustainable Agriculture and Land Management,” Global Sustainability 3 (2020), e23, doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.19.

138 Raj Patel, “Food Sovereignty: Power, Gender, and the Right to Food,” PLOS Medicine 9, no. 6 (2012), doi.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001223; Miranda Imperial, “New Materialist Feminist Ecological Practices: La Via Campesina and Activist Environmental Work,” Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (2019), doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080235.

139 Eric Okeefe, “Bill Gates: America’s Top Farmland Owner,” The Land Report: Magazine of the American Landowner, January 8, 2021, web.archive.org/web/20210115023510/landreport.com/2021/01/bill-gates-americas-top-farmland-owner/; Madeleine Fairbairn, Fields of Gold: Financing the Global Land Rush (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020); Ann Gibbons, “There’s No Such Thing as a ‘Pure’ European — or Anyone Else,” Science Magazine, May 15, 2017, tinyurl.com/yp9ox4rs.

140 Aoife O’Donovan and Thomas C. Neylan, “Associations of Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Inflammation and Endothelial Function: On Timing, Specificity, and Mechanisms,” Biological Psychiatry 82, no. 12 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.002; Aoife O’Donovan et al., “Lifetime Exposure to Traumatic Psychological Stress Is Associated with Elevated Inflammation in the Heart and Soul Study,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26, no. 4 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.003; George P. Chrousos, “Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Emotional and Physical Well-Being: Concurrent Effects and Chronic Sequelae,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 106, no. 5 (2000), doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110163.

141 Natalia S. Harasymowicz et al., “Intergenerational Transmission of Diet-Induced Obesity, Metabolic Imbalance, and Osteoarthritis in Mice,” Arthritis and Rheumatology 72, no. 4 (2020), doi.org/10.1002/art.41147.

142 M. J. Meaney and M. Szyf, “Environmental Programming of Stress Responses Through DNA Methylation: Life at the Interface Between a Dynamic Environment and a Fixed Genome,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2005), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262207.

143 Rachel Yehuda et al., “Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation,” Biological Psychiatry 80, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005; confirmed by Linda M. Bierer et al., “Intergenerational Effects of Maternal Holocaust Exposure on FKBP5 Methylation,” American Journal of Psychiatry (2020), doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19060618.

144 Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation［ミース『国際分業と女性』］．

145 Adam Z. Reynolds et al. “Matriliny Reverses Gender Disparities in Inflammation and Hypertension among the Mosuo of China,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 48 (2020): 30324–27. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014403117.

146 Judith K. Brown, “Economic Organization and the Position of Women Among the Iroquois,” Ethnohistory 17, no. 3–4 (1970).

147 Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds., Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1735–1762 (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1938); Bruce E. Johansen, “Native American Societies and the Evolution of Democracy in America, 1600–1800,” Ethnohistory 37, no. 3 (1990), doi.org/10.2307/482447; Elisabeth Tooker, “The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League,” Ethnohistory 35, no. 4 (1988), doi.org/10.2307/482139; Bruce E. Johansen, Forgotten Founders: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois, and the Rationale for the American Revolution (Ipswich, MA: Gambit, 1982).

148 Barbara A. Mann, “The Lynx in Time: Haudenosaunee Women’s Traditions and History,” American Indian Quarterly 21, no. 3 (Summer 1997): 440, doi.org/10.2307/1185516.

149 Michael M. Pomedli, “Eighteenth-Century Treaties: Amended Iroquois Condolence Rituals,” American Indian Quarterly 19, no. 3 (1995), doi.org/10.2307/1185594.

150 Jenni Monet, “Mohawk Women Integrate the Condolence Ceremony into Modern Systems,” Indian Country Today, March 22 2012, tinyurl.com/27azadbk.

151 Pomedli, “Eighteenth-Century Treaties”; Hill, The Clay We Are Made Of.

152 Saidiya V. Hartman, “The Time of Slavery,” South Atlantic Quarterly 101, no. 4 (2002): 758; emphasis in original.

153 Maria Elena Martinez-Torres and Peter M. Rosset, “La Via Campesina: The Birth and Evolution of a Transnational Social Movement,” Journal of Peasant Studies 37, no. 1 (2010), doi.org/10.1080/03066150903498804; Priscilla Claeys and Marc Edelman, “The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas,” Journal of Peasant Studies 47, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2019.1672665.

154 UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, vol. 12 (New York: United Nations, 2007), tinyurl.com/g51vd5wf; Claeys and Edelman, “United Nations Declaration”［「先住民族の権利に関する国際連合宣言（仮訳）」市民外交センター仮訳，2008，https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_japanese.pdf］； ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1998), https://www.ilo.org/ilo-declaration-fundamental-principles-and-rights-work/about-declaration/text-declaration-and-its-follow［「労働における基本的原則及び権利に関するILO宣言」1998，https://www.ilo.org/ja/resource/労働における基本的原則及び権利に関するilo宣言］；United Nations, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)［「あらゆる形態の人種差別の撤廃に関する国際条約」外務省訳，https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/jinshu/conv_j.html］；World Health Organization, Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments: Exposure to Highly Hazardous Pesticides: A Major Public Health Concern (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019), apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329501/WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.6-eng.pdf.

155 Craig M. Kauffman and Pamela L. Martin, “Constructing Rights of Nature Norms in the US, Ecuador, and New Zealand,” Global Environmental Politics 18, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00481.

第６章　結合組織

1 James Baldwin and Nikki Giovanni, A Dialogue (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1973), 26, 30–31［ジェイムズ・ボールドウィン，ニッキ・ジョバンニ『われわれの家系』連東孝子訳，晶文社，1977，p. 24–25, 30］．

2 Maya Angelou, Wouldn’t Take Nothing for My Journey Now (New York: Random House, 1993), 121［マヤ・アンジェロウ『私の旅に荷物はもういらない』宮木陽子訳，立風書房，1996，p. 131］．

3 Mike Baker et al., “Three Words. 70 Cases. The Tragic History of ‘I Can’t Breathe,’” The New York Times, June 28, 2020, tinyurl.com/rian3399.

4 M. Leider, “On the Weight of the Skin,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 12, no. 3 (1949), 187–91.

5 J. Dennis Fortenberry, “The Uses of Race and Ethnicity in Human Microbiome Research,” Trends in Microbiology 21, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.01.001; Clarence C. Gravlee, “How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20983. 6万年以上にわたる人類の移動の波によって，誰もが不純な混合物になった．ギボンズによれば「そんなものはない」［ここでギボンズが誰であるか，何を参照しているか，原書では示されていないが，おそらく前章注139に出てくる以下の文献を参照しているものと思われる．Ann Gibbons, “There’s No Such Thing as a ‘Pure’ European — or Anyone Else,” Science Magazine, May 15, 2017, tinyurl.com/yp9ox4rs］．

6 Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (New York: John W. Lovell Co., 1887), 84［エンゲルス『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態――19世紀のロンドンとマンチェスター』上，一條和生，杉山忠平訳，岩波文庫，1990，p.190．ただしエンゲルスはここで「人種」について書いているわけではない］．

7 Arline T. Geronimus et al., “‘Weathering’ and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 96, no. 5 (2006), doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.060749.

8 S. Cohen et al., “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 16 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118355109; M. Gough and K. Godde, “A Multifaceted Analysis of Social Stressors and Chronic Inflammation,” SSM Population Health 6 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.005; April D. Thames et al., “Corrigendum to ‘Experienced Discrimination and Racial Differences in Leukocyte Gene Expression [Psychoneuroendocrinology 106 (2019), 277–283],’” Psychoneuroendocrinology 109 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104422; B. S. McEwen and T. Seeman, “Protective and Damaging Effects of Mediators of Stress. Elaborating and Testing the Concepts of Allostasis and Allostatic Load,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896 (1999), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08103.x.

9 Thames et al., “Corrigendum.”

10 Kristi Pullen Fedinick, Steve Taylor, and Michele Roberts, Watered Down Justice (Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2019).

11 Holly Silverman, “Navajo Nation Surpasses New York State for the Highest Covid-19 Infection Rate in the US,” CNN, May 18, 2020, tinyurl.com/1hdh87be.

12 Million Women Study Collaborators, “Breast Cancer and Hormone-Replacement Therapy in the Million Women Study,” The Lancet 362, no. 9382 (2003), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14065-2.

13 Scott M. Stringer, New York City’s Frontline Workers (New York, 2020), comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/new-york-citys-frontline-workers.

14 Ibid.

15 Department of Health, Age Adjusted Rate of Fatal Lab Confirmed Covid-19 Cases Per 100,000 by Race/Ethnicity Group as of April 6, 2020 (New York, 2020).

16 N. D. Powell et al., “Social Stress Up-Regulates Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Leukocyte Transcriptome via Beta-Adrenergic Induction of Myelopoiesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 41 (2013), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310655110; S. W. Cole, “Social Regulation of Human Gene Expression,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 3 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01623.x.

17 Paul Bastard et al., “Auto-Antibodies against Type I IFNs in Patients with Life-Threatening Covid-19,” Science 370, no. 6515 (2020), doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4585.

18 Jarvis T. Chen and Nancy Krieger, “Revealing the Unequal Burden of COVID-19 by Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Household Crowding: US County Versus Zip Code Analysis,” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 27 (2021), doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001263; Neeraj Bhala et al., “Sharpening the Global Focus on Ethnicity and Race in the Time of Covid-19,” The Lancet 395, no. 10238 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31102-8; Clare Bambra et al., “The Covid-19 Pandemic and Health Inequalities,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 11 (2020), doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401.

19 Ziad Obermeyer et al., “Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations,” Science 366, no. 6464 (2019), doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342.

20 Harsha Walia, Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2021), 2.

21 Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 62.

22 Stuart Hall et al., eds., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978), 394.以下も参照のこと．Benjamin Balthaser, “When Anti-Zionism Was Jewish: Jewish Racial Subjectivity and the Anti-Imperialist Literary Left from the Great Depression to the Cold War,” American Quarterly 72, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1353/aq.2020.0019.

23 Aydin Nazmi and Cesar G. Victora, “Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Differentials of C-Reactive Protein Levels: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies,” BMC Public Health 7, no. 1 (2007), doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-212.

24 Geronimus et al., “‘Weathering’ and Age Patterns”; Thames et al., “Corrigendum.”

25 Ronald L. Simons et al., “Discrimination, Segregation, and Chronic Inflammation: Testing the Weathering Explanation for the Poor Health of Black Americans,” Developmental Psychology 54, no. 10 (2018), doi.org/10.1037/dev0000511; T. T. Lewis et al., “Self-Reported Experiences of Everyday Discrimination Are Associated with Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in Older African-American Adults,” Brain Behavior, and Immunity 24, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.011.

26 J. C. Chambers et al., “C-Reactive Protein, Insulin Resistance, Central Obesity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Indian Asians from the United Kingdom Compared with European Whites,” Circulation 104, no. 2 (2001), doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.104.2.145.

27 D. R. Williams, “Miles to Go before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53, no. 3 (2012), doi.org/10.1177/0022146512455804.

28 Michael Paalani et al., “Determinants of Inflammatory Markers in a Bi-Ethnic Population,” Ethnicity and Disease 21, no. 2 (2011), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21749016.

29 Simons et al., “Discrimination, Segregation.”

30 Johanna Wald and Daniel J. Losen, “Defining and Redirecting a School-to-Prison Pipeline,” New Directions for Youth Development, November 5, 2003, doi.org/10.1002/yd.51.

31 “Mapping Police Violence,” January 30, 2021, mappingpoliceviolence.org/nationaltrends.

32 Rory Kramer and Brianna Remster, “Stop, Frisk, and Assault? Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force During Investigatory Stops,” Law and Society Review, November 5, 2018, doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12366.

33 Gabriel L. Schwartz and Jaquelyn L. Jahn, “Mapping Fatal Police Violence across U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Overall Rates and Racial/Ethnic Inequities, 2013–2017,” PLOS One 15, no. 6 (2020), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229686.

34 “Mapping Police Violence,” 2020, mappingpoliceviolence.org/cities.

35 Justin M. Feldman et al., “Police-Related Deaths and Neighborhood Economic and Racial/Ethnic Polarization, United States, 2015–2016,” American Journal of Public Health 109, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2018.304851.

36 F. Edwards, H. Lee, and M. Esposito, “Risk of Being Killed by Police Use of Force in the United States by Age, Race-Ethnicity, and Sex,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116, no. 34 (2019), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821204116.

37 Ibid.

38 Julian Mark, “Jamaica Hampton, Shot by SFPD, Has Leg Amputated,” Mission Local (San Francisco), January 10, 2020, missionlocal.org/2020/01/jamaica-hampton-shot-by-sfpd-has-leg-amputated; Abraham Rodriguez, “Woman Who Says Her Son Was Shot by San Francisco Police Questions Use of Lethal Force,” Mission Local, December 10, 2019, missionlocal.org/2019/12/woman-who-says-her-son-was-shot-by-san-francisco-police-questions-use-of-lethal-force.

39 Nika Knight, “‘People Are Going to Die’: Father of Wounded DAPL Activist Sophia Wilansky Speaks Out,” Common Dreams, November 23, 2016, tinyurl .com /aypv6lhr; “Father of Activist Injured at Standing Rock Calls on Obama to Stop Dakota Access Pipeline Drilling,” Democracy Now!, November 23, 2016, tinyurl.com/244yfsn3; Will Parrish, “The Federal Government Is Trying to Imprison These Six Water Protectors,” Dissenter, 2019, tinyurl.com/1vhweaux.

40 Charles E. Menifield, Geiguen Shin, and Logan Strother, “Do White Law Enforcement Officers Target Minority Suspects?,” Public Administration Review 79, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1111/puar.12956.最近の調査によると，シカゴでは黒人警官の方が白人警官よりも，また女性警官の方が男性警官よりも武力行使が少ないようだが，この結果は異例のことである．詳細は以下を参照のこと．Bocar A. Ba, Dean Knox, Jonathan Mummolo, and Roman Rivera. “The Role of Officer Race and Gender in Police-Civilian Interactions in Chicago,” Science 371, no. 6530 (2021), 696. doi.org/10.1126/science.abd8694.

41 Michael German, Hidden in Plain Sight: Racism, White Supremacy, and Far-Right Militancy in Law Enforcement (New York: Brennan Center, 2020), tinyurl.com/3cjz7fgz.

42 Katrin Bennhold, “Body Bags and Enemy Lists: How Far-Right Police Officers and Ex-Soldiers Planned for ‘Day X,’” The New York Times, August 1, 2020, tinyurl.com/29gpoz97.

43 Larry H. Spruill, “Slave Patrols, ‘Packs of Negro Dogs’ and Policing Black Communities,” Phylon 53, no. 1 (2016), www.jstor.org/stable/phylon1960.53.1.42.

44 Michel Hogue, Metis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 11.

45 Martin Case, The Relentless Business of Treaties: How Indigenous Land Became US Property (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2018).

46 Čhaŋtemaza (Neil McKay) and Monica Siems McKay, “Where We Stand: The University of Minnesota and Dakhota Treaty Lands,” Open Rivers 17 (2020), editions.lib.umn.edu/openrivers/article/where-we-stand.

47 US Government, An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations (General Allotment Act or Dawes Act), Statutes at Large 24, 388–91, NADP Document A1887 (1887).

48 Patrik Lantto, “Borders, Citizenship and Change: The Case of the Sami People, 1751–2008,” Citizenship Studies 14, no. 5 (2010), doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2010.506709.

49 Cori Bush, “This Is the America That Black People Know,” The Washington Post, January 9, 2021, tinyurl.com/1o7wiu0b.

50 Cheryl I. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (1993): 1174, doi.org/10.2307/1341787.

51 Ibid.

52 J. Edward Chamberlin, The Harrowing of Eden: White Attitudes Toward Native Americans (New York: Seabury Press, 1975).

53 以下の著作の，とくに民族ブルジョワジーについてのファノンの議論を参照のこと．Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (London: Penguin, 1965)［フランツ・ファノン『地に呪われたる者』鈴木道彦，浦野衣子訳，みすず書房，1996，p. 62–63，および第3章「民族意識の悲運」のとくに前半］．

54 Junia Howell and Elizabeth Korver-Glenn, “Neighborhoods, Race, and the Twenty-First- Century Housing Appraisal Industry,” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, no. 4 (2018): 482, doi.org/10.1177/2332649218755178.

55 Debra Kamin, “Black Homeowners Face Discrimination in Appraisals,” The New York Times, August 15, 2020, tinyurl.com/gxeo31mc.

56 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019); Andre M. Perry, Know Your Price: Valuing Black Lives and Property in America’s Black Cities (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2020).

57 Anthony A. Braga, Andrew V. Papachristos, and David M. Hureau, “The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Justice Quarterly 31, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.673632; Kathryn Henne and Rita Shah, “Unveiling White Logic in Criminological Research: An Intertextual Analysis,” Contemporary Justice Review 18, no. 2 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2015.1025620. 居住区隔離は，黒人居住区には医療施設が少ないことを意味することにも留意すること．D. Jones Brittni, M. Harris Kelly, and F. Tate William, “Ferguson and Beyond: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study Using Geospatial Analysis,” Journal of Negro Education 84, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.84.3.0231.

58 Jeremy S. Hoffman, Vivek Shandas, and Nicholas Pendleton, “The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas,” Climate 8, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.3390/cli8010012.

59 人体にとって適温は何度かという問いは，動く標的を狙うようなものである．以下を参照のこと．Myroslava Protsiv et al., “Decreasing Human Body Temperature in the United States Since the Industrial Revolution,” eLife 9 (2020), doi.org/10.7554/elife.49555.

60 Nidhi Singh, Saumya Singh, and R. K. Mall, “Urban Ecology and Human Health: Implications of Urban Heat Island, Air Pollution and Climate Change Nexus,” Urban Ecology (2020), doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820730-7.00017-3.

61 Jane E. Dematte, “Near-Fatal Heat Stroke During the 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago,” Annals of Internal Medicine 129, no. 3 (1998): 173, doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00001.

62 Jeremy J. Hess et al., “Climate Change and Emergency Medicine: Impacts and Opportunities,” Academic Emergency Medicine 16, no. 8 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00469.x.

63 Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007)［ナオミ・クライン『ショック・ドクトリン――惨事便乗型資本主義の正体を暴く』上下巻，幾島幸子，村上由見子訳，岩波書店，2011］．

64 Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010); Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

65 Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 7.

66 生政治的ケインズ主義については以下を参照のこと．Gabriel Winant, “‘Hard Times Make for Hard Arteries and Hard Livers’: Deindustrialization, Biopolitics, and the Making of a New Working Class,” Journal of Social History 53, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy11.

67 Allen M. Hornblum, Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison: A Story of Abuse and Exploitation in the Name of Medical Science (New York: Routledge, 1998), xx, l.

68 Howard Goodman, “Studying Prison Experiments Research: For 20 Years, a Dermatologist Used the Inmates of a Philadelphia Prison as the Willing Subjects of Tests on Shampoo, Foot Powder, Deodorant, and Later, Mind-042- Altering Drugs and Dioxin,” Baltimore Sun, July 21, 1998, www .baltimoresun .com /news /bs-xpm-1998-07-21-1998202099-story.html.

69 Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 2006).

70 Rebecca Smith, Ana Avendano, and Julie Martinez Ortega, Iced Out: How Immigration Enforcement Has Interfered with Workers’ Rights (Washington, DC: AFL-CIO, 2009), 19–20.

71 Tianna Spears, “I Was a U.S. Diplomat. Customs and Border Protection Only Cared That I Was Black,” Politico, August 30, 2020, tinyurl.com/2vd7kfck.

72 Lanre Bakare, “Angela Davis: ‘We Knew That the Role of the Police Was to Protect White Supremacy,’” The Guardian, June 15, 2020, tinyurl.com/4q7m9nl9.

73 Derek Lutterbeck, “Between Police and Military: The New Security Agenda and the Rise of Gendarmeries,” Cooperation and Conflict 39, no. 1 (2004), doi.org/10.1177/0010836704040832.

74 Kelly M. Hoffman et al., “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, no. 16 (2016), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113.

75 同様に，労働者階級の患者は人種に関係なく，富裕層の患者よりも悪い扱いを受ける．S. Trawalter, K. M. Hoffman, and A. Waytz, “Racial Bias in Perceptions of Others’ Pain,” PLOS One 7, no. 11 (2012), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048546; Hoffman et al., “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment.” 以下も参照のこと．Michelle van Ryn and Jane Burke, “The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients,” Social Science and Medicine 50, no. 6 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00338-X.

76 Kathleen S. Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders: James Petiver, Natural History, and the British Slave Trade,” The William and Mary Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.5309/willmaryquar.70.4.0637.

77 Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders.”

78 Sasha Turner, “Slavery and the Production, Circulation and Practice of Medicine,” Social History of Medicine 31, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky086.

79 Yue-Yung Hu et al., “Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training,” New England Journal of Medicine 381, no. 18 (2019), doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa1903759.

80 Joseph Mpalirwa et al., “Patients, Pride, and Prejudice: Exploring Black Ontarian Physicians’ Experiences of Racism and Discrimination,” Academic Medicine 95, no. 11S (2020), journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2020/11001/Patients,_Pride,_and_Prejudice_Exploring_Black.13.aspx.以下も参照のこと．“How the Health Care System Has Racial Biases,” Now This Politics, 2018, www.facebook.com/NowThisPolitics/videos/1985138634850950.

81 Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019 (Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2018), tinyurl.com /dyg3vkc8.

82 Diversity and Disparities: A Benchmarking Study of US Hospitals in 2015 (American Hospital Association, 2015).

83 D. R. Williams and T. D. Rucker, “Understanding and Addressing Racial Disparities in Health Care,” Health Care Financing Review 21, no. 4 (2000), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11481746.

84 Hoffman et al., “Racial Bias in Pain Assessment.”

85 V. Grubbs, “Precision in GFR Reporting: Let’s Stop Playing the Race Card,” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 8 (2020), doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00690120.

86 Leila R. Zelnick et al., “Association of the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate with vs Without a Coefficient for Race with Time to Eligibility for Kidney Transplant,” JAMA Network Open 4, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34004.

87 Philip E. Bickler, John R. Feiner, and John W. Severinghaus, “Effects of Skin Pigmentation on Pulse Oximeter Accuracy at Low Saturation,” Anesthesiology 102, no. 4 (2005), doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200504000-00004.

88 Eboni G. Price-Haywood et al., “Hospitalization and Mortality Among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19,” New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 26 (2020), doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa2011686.

89 R. G. Wilkerson et al., “Silent Hypoxia: A Harbinger of Clinical Deterioration in Patients with Covid-19,” American Journal of Emergency Medicine 38, no. 10 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.044.

90 Michael W. Sjoding et al., “Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement,” New England Journal of Medicine 383, no. 25 (2020), doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2029240.

91 Richard D. Granstein, Lynn Cornelius, and Kanade Shinkai, “Diversity in Dermatology—A Call for Action,” JAMA Dermatology 153, no. 6 (2017), doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0296.

92 Kesha J. Buster, Erica I. Stevens, and Craig A. Elmets, “Dermatologic Health Disparities,” Dermatologic Clinics 30, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2011.08.002.

93 J. C. Lester, S. C. Taylor, and M.-M. Chren, “Under-Representation of Skin of Colour in Dermatology Images: Not Just an Educational Issue,” British Journal of Dermatology 180, no. 6 (2019), doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17608.

94 J. C. Lester et al., “Absence of Images of Skin of Colour in Publications of Covid-19 Skin Manifestations,” British Journal of Dermatology 183, no. 3 (2020), doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19258.

95 Lester, Taylor, and Chren, “Under-Representation of Skin of Colour.”

96 P. S. Chan et al., “Racial Differences in Survival after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest,” JAMA 302, no. 11 (2009), doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1340.

97 Marcella Alsan, Owen Garrick, and Grant Graziani, “Does Diversity Matter for Health? Experimental Evidence from Oakland,” American Economic Review 109, no. 12 (2019), doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181446.

98 Ibid.

99 Abraham Flexner, The American College: A Criticism (New York: Century, 1908); T. N. Bonner, “Searching for Abraham Flexner,” Academic Medicine 73, no. 2 (1998), journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/1998/02000/Searching_for_Abraham_Flexner.14.aspx.

100 Molly Cooke et al., “American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report,” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 13 (2006), doi.org/10.1056/nejmra055445.

101 Abraham Flexner, Medical Education in the United States and Canada (Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1910), chap. 14.

102 T. Savitt, “Abraham Flexner and the Black Medical Schools. 1992,” Journal of the National Medical Association 98, no. 9 (2006), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17019906.

103 Frank W. Stahnisch and Marja Verhoef, “The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012), doi.org/10.1155/2012/647896.

104 Flexner, Medical Education, 158.

105 Tiffany Willoughby-Herard, Waste of a White Skin: The Carnegie Corporation and the Racial Logic of White Vulnerability (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015).

106 Marcella Alslan, Does Diversity Matter for Health? Experimental Evidence from Oakland (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018).

107 Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019 (Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2018), tinyurl.com/dyg3vkc8.

108 C. T. Laurencin and M. Murray, “An American Crisis: The Lack of Black Men in Medicine,” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 4, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0380-y.

109 Samir Gandesha, “The Spectre of the 1930s,” in Back to the ’30s? Recurring Crises of Capitalism, Liberalism, and Democracy, ed. Jeremy Rayner et al. (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2020); Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

110 Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), 187［ラジ・パテル，ジェイソン・W・ムーア『7つの安いモノから見る世界の歴史』福井昌子訳，作品社，2025］；Keith E. Sealing, “Blood Will Tell: Scientific Racism and the Legal Prohibitions against Miscegenation,” Michigan Journal of Race and Law 5, no. 2 (1999), 610, heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/mjrl5&i=567.

111 Carl Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 10th ed. (Holmiae: Salvius, 1758), 20–22.

112 Larry Barsness, Heads, Hides and Horns: The Complete Buffalo Book (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2000), 243, 240, 251.

113 Nicole Vogelzangs et al., “Association of Depressive Disorders, Depression Characteristics and Antidepressant Medication with Inflammation,” Translational Psychiatry 2, no. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.8; Kathryn E. Wellen and Gokhan S. Hotamisligil, “Inflammation, Stress, and Diabetes,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 115, no. 5 (2005), doi.org/10.1172/JCI25102.

114 Nick Estes, “The Empire of All Maladies,” Baffler, July 2020.

115 K. Wienski, “Leading Health Challenges Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota Oglala Lakota Sioux,” Juniper Online Journal of Public Health 1, no. 5 (2017).

116 K. W. Bauer et al., “High Food Insecurity and Its Correlates Among Families Living on a Rural American Indian Reservation,” American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 7 (2012), doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300522.

117 Alison Bashford, “‘Is White Australia Possible?’ Race, Colonialism and Tropical Medicine,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23, no. 2 (2000), doi.org/10.1080/014198700329042.

118 W. Anderson, “Geography, Race and Nation: Remapping ‘Tropical’ Australia, 1890–1930,” Medical History. Supplement, no. 20 (2000), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11769929.

119 Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869)［サー・フランシス・ゴルトン『天才と遺伝』原口鶴子訳，早稲田大学出版部，1916］．

120 Ibid., 72［前掲書，p. 117］．

121 Christine B. Hickman, “The Devil and the One Drop Rule: Racial Categories, African Americans, and the U.S. Census,” Michigan Law Review 95, no. 5 (1997), doi.org/10.2307/1290008; David A. Hollinger, “Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States,” American Historical Review 108, no. 5 (2003), doi.org/10.1086/ahr/108.5.1363.

122 Nicholas W. Gillham, “Cousins: Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton and the Birth of Eugenics,” Significance 6, no. 3 (2009), doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00379.x.

123 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: D. Appleton, 1876)［チャールズ・ダーウィン『人間の由来』長谷川眞理子訳，講談社学術文庫，2016，上巻p. 253］．

124 Galton, Hereditary Genius, 340［ゴルトン『天才と遺伝』，p. 596］．

125 Philippa Levine, “Anthropology, Colonialism, and Eugenics,” in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, ed. Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 46.

126 Jennifer Robertson, “Eugenics in Japan: Sanguinous Repair,” in Bashford and Levine, The Oxford Handbook; Gilberto Hochman, Nisia Trindade Lima, and Marcos Chor Maio, “The Path of Eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of Miscegenation,” ibid.

127 Harry H. Laughlin, The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1923), wellcomecollection.org/works/cf72yps9.

128 David M. Pressel, “Nuremberg and Tuskegee: Lessons for Contemporary American Medicine,” Journal of the National Medical Association 95, no. 12.

(2003), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14717481.

129 Allan M. Brandt, “Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,” Hastings Center Report 8, no. 6 (1978): 24, doi.org/10.2307/3561468.

130 Daniel Z. Buchman, Anita Ho, and Daniel S. Goldberg, “Investigating Trust, Expertise, and Epistemic Injustice in Chronic Pain,” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 14 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s11673-016-9761-x.

131 Miranda Fricker, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 97［ミランダ・フリッカー『認識的不正義――権力は知ることの倫理にどのようにかかわるのか』佐藤邦政監訳，飯塚理恵訳，勁草書房，2023，p. 126］．

132 Olufemi O. Taiwo, “Being-in-the-Room Privilege: Elite Capture and Epistemic Deference,” Philosopher 108, no. 4 (2020), www.thephilosopher1923.org/essay-taiwo.

133 Alexandra Kalev and Frank Dobbin, Does Diversity Training Increase Corporate Diversity? Regulation Backlash and Regulatory Accountability (Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School, 2020), tinyurl.com/3g48fpov.

134 Kevin J. Gutierrez, “The Performance of ‘Antiracism’ Curricula,” New England Journal of Medicine 383 (2020), doi.org/10.1056/nejmpv2025046.

135 Howard I. Maibach and Albert M. Kligman, “The Micrometer Syringe for Quantitative Skin Testing,” Archives of Dermatology 87, no. 6 (1963), doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1963.01590180071015.

136 Robert J. Feldmann and Howard I. Maibach, “Percutaneous Penetration of Some Pesticides and Herbicides in Man,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 28, no. 1 (1974), doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(74)90137-9; Allen M. Hornblum, Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison: A Story of Abuse and Exploitation in the Name of Medical Science (New York: Routledge, 1998).

137 Danielle Echeverria, “UCSF Group Demands ‘Anti-Racist’ Changes,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 4, 2020, tinyurl.com/4qsf983v.

138 Jeph Herrin et al., “Hospital Leadership Diversity and Strategies to Advance Health Equity,” Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 44, no. 9 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2018.03.008.

139 B. Brecht, “Theatre for Learning,” Tulane Drama Review 6, no. 1 (1961): 24.

140 Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 242; Sandra Wexler et al., “We’re Not the Enemy and We’re Not Asking for the World: Low-Wage Hospital Service Workers’ Advocacy for Fair Wages,” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 47, no. 1 (2020): 148, scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol47/iss1/7.

141 Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 160［ティモシー・スナイダー『ブラッドランド――ヒトラーとスターリン大虐殺の真実』上下，布施由紀子訳，ちくま学芸文庫，2022］．

142 Claudio Saunt, Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory (New York: Norton, 2020).トクヴィルについては以下を参照のこと．Melvin Richter, “Tocqueville on Algeria,” Review of Politics 25, no. 3 (1963), www.jstor.org/stable/1405738.

143 William B. Cohen, “The Algerian War, the French State and Official Memory,” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 28, no. 2 (2002), www.jstor.org/stable/41299235.

144 Lewis R. Gordon, What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction to His Life and Thought (New York: Fordham University Press, 2015).

145 Richard C. Keller, “Clinician and Revolutionary: Frantz Fanon, Biography, and the History of Colonial Medicine,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 81, no. 4 (2007): 827, www.jstor.org/stable/44452161.

146 V. Campuzano et al., “Friedreich’s Ataxia: Autosomal Recessive Disease Caused by an Intronic GAA Triplet Repeat Expansion,” Science 271, no. 5254 (1996), doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5254.1423.

147 Frantz Fanon and Asselah Slimane, “The Phenomenon of Agitation in the Psychiatric Milieu: General Considerations, Psychopathological Meaning,” in Alienation and Freedom, ed. Jean Khalfa and Robert J. C. Young, trans. Steven Corcoran (London: Bloomsbury, 2018).

148 Jean Khalfa, “Fanon and Psychiatry,” Nottingham French Studies 54, no. 1 (2015): 66, doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2015.0106.

149 Frantz Fanon, Studies in a Dying Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1965), 133［フランツ・ファノン『革命の社会学』宮ケ谷徳三，花輪莞爾，海老坂武訳，みすず書房，新装版，2008，p. 103］．

150 マフムード・マムダーニの以下の著作における脱植民地化の議論は，ファノンとは嚙み合っていない．マムダーニがポスト人種隔離政策アパルトヘイトの南アフリカを脱植民地化の政治的具現化としていることについて，ファノンは同意しなかっただろうとわたしたちは考えている．Mahmood Mamdani, Neither Settler nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2020).

151 “End the War on Black Migrants,” End the War on Black People, 2021, accessed January 29, 2021, m4bl.org/policy-platforms/end-the-war-on-migrants/.

152 Catherine A. Okoro et al., “Prevalence of Disabilities and Health Care Access by Disability Status and Type Among Adults—United States, 2016,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, no. 32 (2018).

153 Alicia Garza, “A Herstory of the #Blacklivesmatter Movement,” in Are All the Women Still White? Rethinking Race, Expanding Feminisms, ed. Janell Hobson (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2016), 25.

154 たとえば以下を参照のこと．Alondra Nelson, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011).

155 Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France, 1978–79, ed. Michel Senellart (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)［ミシェル・フーコー『ミシェル・フーコー講義集成 8 生政治の誕生——コレージュ・ド・フランス講義1978–1979年度』慎改康之訳，筑摩書房，2008］．

156 Lola Olufemi, Feminism, Interrupted: Disrupting Power (London: Pluto Press, 2020); Akwugo Emejulu, “Revolution Is Not a One Time Event,” White Review, June 2020, www.thewhitereview.org/feature/revolution-is-not-a-one-time-event-2.

157 “Defund OPD,” 2020, www .defundopd .org.

158 Michael Rosen, Eric Ting, and Katie Dowd, “‘Defund the Police’? Here’s How Much Bay Area Cities Spend on Police Departments,” SF Gate, June 15, 2020, tinyurl.com/2tzpu5yt.

159 Tim J. Wise, White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son, rev. and updated. ed. (Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press, 2008).

160 Stefano Harmey and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013).

161 David E. Alexander, “Ecotone,” in Environmental Geology (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999).

162 Salit Kark, “Ecotones and Ecological Gradients,” in Ecological Systems: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, ed. Rik Leemans (New York: Springer, 2013).

163 Larry Harris, “Edge Effects and Conservation of Biotic Diversity,” Conservation Biology 2 (1988), doi.org/10.2307/2386291.

164 Menno Schilthuizen, “Ecotone: Speciation-Prone,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, no. 4 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01839-5.

165 Paul G Risser, “The Status of the Science Examining Ecotones: A Dynamic Aspect of Landscape Is the Area of Steep Gradients Between More Homogeneous Vegetation Associations,” BioScience 45, no. 5 (1995), doi.org/10.2307/1312492.

166 T. B. Smith, “A Role for Ecotones in Generating Rainforest Biodiversity,” Science 276, no. 5320 (1997), doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855.

167 Martin Stokes, Ethnicity, Identity and Music (Oxford: Berg, 1994), 8.

168 Rolf Lidskog, “The Role of Music in Ethnic Identity Formation in Diaspora: A Research Review,” International Social Science Journal 66, no. 219–20 (2017), doi.org/10.1111/issj.12091.

169 Gerald Horne, Jazz and Justice: Racism and the Political Economy of the Music (New York: NYU Press, 2019), 8.

170 Ibid.

171 Ibid.

172 “Bulbancha Is Still a Place,” 2020, accessed December 1, 2020, bulbanchais stillaplace .org /resources.

173 Case Watkins, “Essential Geographies of New Orleans Music,” American Association of Geographers Newsletter, August 31, 2017, news.aag.org/2017/08/essential-geographies-of-new-orleans-music/.

174 Ibid., 2.

175 Ted Gioia, The History of Jazz (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 3.

176 Charles B. Hersch, “Review: Jazz and the Boundaries of Race,” Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 3 (2012): 704, www.jstor.org/stable/23260189.

177 Ibid.

178 Horne, Jazz and Justice, 9.

179 Andre Kimo Stone Guess, “For Wynton Marsalis, Forgetting the Roots of Jazz Is Forgetting the History of Race in America,” The Undefeated, January 12, 2018, theundefeated.com/features/for-wynton-marsalis-forgetting-the-roots-of-jazz-is-forgetting-the-history-of-race-in-america/.

180 Ted Gioia, Music: A Subversive History (New York: Basic Books, 2019).

181 “Black American Music and the Jazz Tradition,” 2014, accessed February 3, 2021, nicholaspayton.wordpress.com/2014/04/30/black-american-music-and-the-jazz-tradition.

182 Nat Hentoff, “The Devil’s Music,” The Washington Post, August 23, 1985, tinyurl.com/ur2izgxi.

183 Lawrence Tedder, Jazz and Blues on Edison vol. 2, 1917–1929, CD, Edison Collection.

184 Horne, Jazz and Justice, 14.

185 William H. Youngren, “Black and White Intertwined,” Atlantic, February 1999, tinyurl.com/pwjdxv5o.

186 Horne, Jazz and Justice, 18.

187 Dasum Allah, “NYPD Admits to Rap Intelligence Unit,” Village Voice, March 16, 2004, tinyurl.com/yst6dk3k.

188 Horne, Jazz and Justice.

第７章　内分泌系

1 Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, trans. Myra Ramos Bergman (New York: Continuum, 2005), 88–93［パウロ・フレイレ『被抑圧者の教育学』三砂ちづる訳，亜紀書房，50周年記念版，2018，p. 172–174, 177, 185］．

2 E. S. Epel et al., “Meditation and Vacation Effects Have an Impact on Disease-Associated Molecular Phenotypes,” Translational Psychiatry 6, no. 8 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.164.

3 Jessica de Bloom et al., “Effects of Vacation from Work on Health and Well-Being: Lots of Fun, Quickly Gone,” Work and Stress 24, no. 2 (2010), doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2010.493385.

4 Ksenia Kirillova and Dan Wang, “Smartphone (Dis)Connectedness and Vacation Recovery,” Annals of Tourism Research 61 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.10.005.

5 Epel et al., “Meditation and Vacation Effects.”

6 Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2005)［リチャード・ルーブ『あなたの子どもには自然が足りない』春日井晶子訳，早川書房，2006］．

7 Emily J. Hadgkiss et al., “Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes at 1 and 5 Years After a Residential Retreat Promoting Lifestyle Modification for People with Multiple Sclerosis,” Neurological Sciences 34, no. 2 (2013), doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-0982-4.

8 Richard J. Ellis, “‘I Know for Certain... That These Are Bad People’: The Intractable Problem of Guantanamo,” Comparative American Studies: An International Journal 8, no. 3 (2010): 179, doi.org/10.1179/147757010X12773889525740.

9 当時大英帝国は，前注で参照したエリスが指摘しているように，スペイン植民地への奴隷供給の独占権を維持する権利をめぐってスペインと戦っていた．

10 Experiments in Torture: Evidence of Human Subject Research and Experimentation in the “Enhanced” Interrogation Program (Cambridge, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 2010).

11 “Young Guantanamo Afghan to Sue US,” BBC News, August 27, 2009, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south asia/8224357.stm.

12 Vincent Iacopino and Stephen N. Xenakis, “Neglect of Medical Evidence of Torture in Guantanamo Bay: A Case Series,” PLOS Medicine 8, no. 4 (2011): 2, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001027.

13 Josh White, “Tactic Used After It Was Banned: Detainees at Guantanamo Were Moved Often, Documents Say,” The Washington Post, August 8, 2008, tinyurl.com/467ua6bc.

14 Jane Sutton, “Guantanamo Prisoner Cites 2-Week Sleep Deprivation,” Reuters, June 19, 2008, tinyurl.com/giqu7odc.

15 グアンタナモの収容施設は，9・11から20年経った今も開設されたままである．これを書いている時点で，まだ40人がそこに収容されている．ジャワドは，米軍が彼を裁判にかけるだけの十分な証拠がないと認めたあと，2009年にアフガニスタンに戻った．Andrei Scheinkman et al., “The Guantanamo Docket,” The New York Times, January 21, 2021, www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo.

16 Russel J. Reiter et al., “Melatonin as an Antioxidant: Under Promises but Over Delivers,” Journal of Pineal Research 61, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12360; Jimo Borjigin, L. Samantha Zhang, and Anda-Alexandra Calinescu, “Circadian Regulation of Pineal Gland Rhythmicity,” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 349, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.009.

17 Yvan Touitou, Alain Reinberg, and David Touitou, “Association Between Light at Night, Melatonin Secretion, Sleep Deprivation, and the Internal Clock: Health Impacts and Mechanisms of Circadian Disruption,” Life Sciences 173 (2017), doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.008; Reiter et al., “Melatonin as Antioxidant.”

18 Matthew P. Walker, Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams (New York: Scribner, 2017)［マシュー・ウォーカー『睡眠こそ最強の解決策である』桜田直美訳，SBクリエイティブ，2018］；A. Carrillo-Vico et al., “The Modulatory Role of Melatonin on Immune Responsiveness,” Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 7, no. 5 (2006), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729718.

19 Carrillo-Vico et al., “Modulatory Role of Melatonin.”

20 M. N. Mead, “Benefits of Sunlight: A Bright Spot for Human Health,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 4 (2008), doi.org/10.1289/ehp.116-a160; Joann E. Manson et al., “Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 380, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1809944.

21 Christos C. Zouboulis, “The Skin as an Endocrine Organ,” Dermato-Endocrinology 1, no. 5 (2009), doi.org/10.4161/derm.1.5.9499.

22 Anthony R. Mawson, “Breast Cancer in Female Flight Attendants,” The Lancet 352, no. 9128 (1998); Vilhjalmur Rafnsson et al., “Risk of Breast Cancer in Female Flight Attendants: A Population-Based Study (Iceland),” Cancer Causes and Control 12, no. 2 (2001), doi.org/10.1023/A:1008983416836.

23 Gaia Favero, “Melatonin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Modulating Inflammasome Activation,” International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017), doi.org/10.1155/2017/1835195.

24 Andrzej Slominski et al., “Melatonin in the Skin: Synthesis, Metabolism and Functions,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 19, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2007.10.007; Jung Goo Lee et al., “The Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin: Possible Role in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disease,” Brain Sciences 9, no. 10 (2019), doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9100285; Katherine M. Evely et al., “Melatonin Receptor Activation Increases Gluta- matergic Synaptic Transmission in the Rat Medial Lateral Habenula,” Synapse 70, no. 5 (2016), doi.org/10.1002/syn.21892.

25 Lee et al., “Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin.”

26 Jose L. Mauriz et al., “A Review of the Molecular Aspects of Melatonin’s Anti-Inflammatory Actions: Recent Insights and New Perspectives,” Journal of Pineal Research 54, no. 1 (2013), doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01014.x.

27 Zhang et al., “Melatonin Alleviates Acute Lung Injury.”

28 N. Rohleder, “Stimulation of Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation by Psychosocial Stress,” Psychosomatic Medicine 76, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000049.

29 Yadi Zhou et al., “A Network Medicine Approach to Investigation and Population-Based Validation of Disease Manifestations and Drug Repurposing for Covid-19,” PLOS Biology 18, no. 11 (2020), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000970.

30 Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli et al., “Melatonin for the Treatment of Sepsis: The Scientific Rationale,” Journal of Thoracic Disease 12, no. S1 (2020), doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.12.85.

31 Reiter et al., “Melatonin as Antioxidant.”

32 Janet M. Mullington et al., “Sleep Loss and Inflammation,” Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 24, no. 5 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.014.

33 Judith E. Carroll et al., “Partial Sleep Deprivation Activates the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) in Aged Adult Humans,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 51 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.024.

34 Carol A. Everson, Bernard M. Bergmann, and Allan Rechtschaffen, “Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: III. Total Sleep Deprivation,” Sleep 12, no. 1 (1989), doi.org/10.1093/sleep/12.1.13.

35 A. Vaccaro et al., “Sleep Loss Can Cause Death Through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gut,” Cell 181, no. 6 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.049.

36 Marta Jackowska et al., “Short Sleep Duration Is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Healthy Men: Findings from the Whitehall II Cohort Study,” PLOS One 7, no. 10 (2012), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047292.

37 Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA.: Belknap Press, 1975), 6［エドワード・O・ウィルソン『社会生物学 合本版』坂上昭一ほか訳，新思索社，1999，p. 9］．

38 Saul L. Miller and Jon K. Maner, “Scent of a Woman,” Psychological Science 21, no. 2 (2010), doi.org/10.1177/0956797609357733.

39 Y. Martins et al., “Preference for Human Body Odors Is Influenced by Gender and Sexual Orientation,” Psychological Science 16, no. 9 (2005), doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01598.x.

40 R. H. Porter and J. Winberg, “Unique Salience of Maternal Breast Odors for Newborn Infants,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23, no. 3 (1999), doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00044-x.

41 S. Gelstein et al., “Human Tears Contain a Chemosignal,” Science 331, no. 6014 (2011), doi.org/10.1126/science.1198331.

42 David T. Hughes and Vanessa Sperandio, “Inter-Kingdom Signalling: Communication Between Bacteria and Their Hosts,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no. 2 (2008), doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1836.

43 H. Ueda, Y. Kikuta, and K. Matsuda, “Plant Communication: Mediated by Individual or Blended Vocs?,” Plant Signaling and Behavior 7, no. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.4161/psb.18765.

44 Jessa H. Thurman, Tobin D. Northfield, and William E. Snyder, “Weaver Ants Provide Ecosystem Services to Tropical Tree Crops,” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 (2019), doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00120.

45 M. Gagliano et al., “Tuned In: Plant Roots Use Sound to Locate Water,” Oecologia 184, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3862-z.

46 Alexandra E. Proshchina et al., “Ontogeny of Neuro-Insular Complexes and Islets Innervation in the Human Pancreas,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, April 22, 2014, doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00057.

47 L. Gwei-Djen and J. Needham, “Medieval Preparations of Urinary Steroid Hormones,” Nature 200 (1963), doi.org/10.1038/2001047a0.

48 Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, Based on Original Sansrkit Text (Calcutta: Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, 1911), vol. 2［アーユルヴェーダ ススルタ大医典 本巻』伊東弥恵治原訳，鈴木正夫補訳，人間と歴史社，2005］．

49 Perry Jones, “The History of Women’s Liberation in Choral Music,” Choral Journal 16, no. 6 (1976).

50 J. S. Jenkins, “The Lost Voice: A History of the Castrato,” Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 13, suppl. 6 (2000), doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2000-s625.

51 D. Nugent, “Transplantation in Reproductive Medicine: Previous Experience, Present Knowledge and Future Prospects,” Human Reproduction Update 3, no. 3 (1997), doi.org/10.1093/humupd/3.3.267; M. Borell, “Brown-Sequard’s Organotherapy and Its Appearance in America at the End of the Nineteenth Century,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 50, no. 3 (1976), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/791406.

52 W. M. Bayliss and E. H. Starling, “The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion,” Journal of Physiology 28, no. 5 (1902), doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000920.

53 Rene Descartes, Selected Correspondence of Descartes, ed. Jonathan Bennett, 108, www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/descartes1619_4.pdf［『デカルト全書簡集』第4巻，大西克智，津崎良典，三浦伸夫ほか訳，知泉書館，2016，p. 80］．

54 Syeda Afroze, “The Physiological Roles of Secretin and Its Receptor,” Annals of Translational Medicine 1, no. 3 (2012), doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01.

55 E. H. Starling, “The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Body,” The Lancet 166, no. 4276 (1905): 340, doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)62437-1.

56 Eugen Steinach and Josef Lobel, Sex and Life; Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking, 1940).このような治療は世界中で今も存続しているのである．Joo Yong Lee and Kang Su Cho, “Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians’ Views,” Journal of Korean Medical Science 28, no. 2 (2013), synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346%2Fjkms.2013.28.2.171.

57 Tyler M. Adamson et al., “The Global State of Conversion Therapy — A Preliminary Report and Current Evidence Brief,” SocArXiv Papers (2020), doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/9ew78.

58 William H. Welch, “The General Pathology of Fever,” New England Journal of Medicine 118, no. 15 (1888), doi.org/10.1056/nejm188804121181501.

59 Guido Majno, The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975).

60 Hilaire J. Thompson, “Fever: A Concept Analysis,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 51, no. 5 (2005), doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03520.x.

61 E. Atkins, “Fever: Its History, Cause, and Function,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 55, no. 3–4 (1982), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6758374.

62 Welch, “General Pathology of Fever.”

63 Atkins, “Fever: Its History, Cause.”

64 Charles A. Dinarello, “Biology of Interleukin 1,” FASEB Journal 2, no. 2 (1988), doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2.2.3277884.

65 Paul Young et al., “Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection,” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 23 (2015), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1508375.

66 Juliet J. Ray, “Fever: Suppress or Let It Ride?,” Journal of Thoracic Disease (2015), doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.28.

67 M. Shibata, “Hypothalamic Neuronal Responses to Cytokines,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 63, no. 2 (1990), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205055.

68 Inbal Goshen and Raz Yirmiya, “Interleukin-1 (IL-1): A Central Regulator of Stress Responses,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 30, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.001.

69 T. Mandrup-Poulsen et al., “Affinity-Purified Human Interleukin I Is Cytotoxic to Isolated Islets of Langerhans,” Diabetologia 29, no. 1 (1986), doi.org/10.1007/BF02427283.

70 Louise J. Maple-Brown and Denella Hampton, “Indigenous Cultures in Countries with Similar Colonisation Histories Share the Challenge of Intergenerational Diabetes,” Lancet Global Health 8, no. 5 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30072; Britt Voaklander et al., “Prevalence of Diabetes in Pregnancy Among Indigenous Women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Lancet Global Health 8, no. 5 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30046-2.

71 Bruce S. McEwen, “Stress, Adaptation, and Disease: Allostasis and Allostatic Load,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 840, no. 1 (1998), doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x.

72 Josiemer Mattei, Sabrina E. Noel, and Katherine L. Tucker, “A Meat, Processed Meat, and French Fries Dietary Pattern Is Associated with High Allostatic Load in Puerto Rican Older Adults,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111, no. 10 (2011), doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.07.006; Michelle Christian and Gary Gereffi, “The Marketing and Distribution of Fast Food,” in Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment, ed. Michael Freemark (New York: Springer, 2010).

73 Errol M. Thomson, “Air Pollution, Stress, and Allostatic Load: Linking Systemic and Central Nervous System Impacts,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 69, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190015.

74 Ana Isabel Ribeiro et al., “Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Allostatic Load: A Multi-Cohort Study,” Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45432-4.

75 Lianne Tomfohr et al., “Everyday Discrimination and Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping in Black and White Americans,” Psychosomatic Medicine 72, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d0d8b2.

76 O. Kenrik Duru et al., “Allostatic Load Burden and Racial Disparities in Mortality,” Journal of the National Medical Association 104, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30120-6.

77 Joseph Eyer, “Hypertension as a Disease of Modern Society,” International Journal of Health Services 5, no. 4 (1975), doi.org/10.2190/ut72-3rtx-v0kn-64af; S. Blumenthal and S. L. Kamisar, “The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Its Commitment to Hypertension,” Pediatric Annals 6, no. 6 (1977), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/865914.

78 Michael Gurven et al., “Does Blood Pressure Inevitably Rise with Age?,” Hypertension 60, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.189100.

79 Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement,” Endocrine Reviews 30, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002; Cristina Casals-Casas and Beatrice Desvergne, “Endocrine Disruptors: From Endocrine to Metabolic Disruption,” Annual Review of Physiology 73, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200.

80 Teresa M. Attina et al., “Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the USA: A Population-Based Disease Burden and Cost Analysis,” The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 4, no. 12 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30275-3.

81 Ake Bergman et al., State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013)［『内分泌攪乱化学物質の科学の現状 2012年版（意思決定者向け要約）』厚生労働省 医薬食品局審査管理課 化学物質安全対策室「内分泌かく乱化学物質ホームページ」，https://www.nihs.go.jp/edc/files/EDCs_Summary_for_DMs_Jpn.pdf］．

82 Barbara Casassus, “Hormone Disrupting Chemicals: Slow Progress to Regulation,” BMJ 361 (2018), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1876.

83 Stephane Horel, A Toxic Affair: How the Chemical Lobby Blocked Action on Hormone Disrupting Chemicals (Paris: Corporate Europe Observatory, 2015), corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/toxic_lobby_edc.pdf.

84 Casassus, “Hormone Disrupting Chemicals.”

85 Yan Zheng, Sylvia H. Ley, and Frank B. Hu, “Global Aetiology and Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 14, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151; E. C. Rhodes, U. P. Gujral, and K. M. Narayan, “Mysteries of Type 2 Diabetes: The Indian Elephant Meets the Chinese Dragon,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 7 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2017.93.

86 Bernard Srour et al., “Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the Nutrinet-Sante Prospective Cohort,” JAMA Internal Medicine 180, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942.

87 Robin Anderson, “Diabetes in Gitxaala: Colonization, Assimilation and Economic Change,” M.A. thesis, University of British Colombia, 2007; Kristen M. Jacklin et al., “Health Care Experiences of Indigenous People Living with Type 2 Diabetes in Canada,” CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 189, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161098; Odette R. Gibson and Leonie Segal, “Limited Evidence to Assess the Impact of Primary Health Care System or Service Level Attributes on Health Outcomes of Indigenous People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review,” BMC Health Services Research 15, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0803-6.

88 Jennifer L. Harris et al., Sugary Drink Advertising to Youth: Continued Barrier to Public Health Progress (Storrs, CT: Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 2020), tinyurl.com/33xrkp67.

89 Hector Balcazar and Ana Bertha Perez Lizaur, “Sugar-Sweetened Soda Consumption in Mexico: The Translation of Accumulating Evidence for an Increasing Diabetes Risk in Mexican Women,” Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 5 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz007.

90 Elisabeth Donaldson, Advocating for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation: A Case Study of Mexico (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2015).

91 Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero et al., “Projected Impact of Mexico’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Policy on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Modeling Study,” PLOS Medicine 13, no. 11 (2016), doi.org/10.1371journal.pmed.1002158.

92 John Scott-Railton et al., “Bitter Sweet: Supporters of Mexico’s Soda Tax Targeted with NSO Exploit Links,” University of Toronto, 2017, tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/96730/1/Report%2389—bittersweet.pdf; Nicole Perlroth, “Spyware’s Odd Targets: Backers of Mexico’s Soda Tax,” The New York Times, February 12, 2017, A1. tinyurl.com/10cuyah6.

93 Cristin E. Kearns, Stanton A. Glantz, and Laura A. Schmidt, “Sugar Industry Influence on the Scientific Agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research’s 1971 National Caries Program: A Historical Analysis of Internal Documents,” PLOS Medicine 12, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798; Robert Proctor, Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); D. Stuckler et al., “The Health Effects of the Global Financial Crisis: Can We Reconcile the Differing Views? A Network Analysis of Literature Across Disciplines,” Health Economics, Policy and Law 10, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1017/S1744133114000255;またとりわけ以下を参照のこと．Marion Nestle, Unsavory Truth: How Food Companies Skew the Science of What We Eat (New York: Basic Books, 2018).

94 Stephane Foucart and Stephane Horel, “Perturbateurs endocriniens: Ces experts contestes qui jouent ses semeurs de doute,” Le Monde, June 22, 2020, tinyurl.com/3a5v2mns.

95 法的な脅しは，産業界が展開する戦術の一つである．幸いなことに，たばこ産業も清涼飲料水産業も不調に陥っているが，それでも政府を相手取った訴訟による脅しを妨げることにはならないようだ．Soraya Boudia and Nathalie Jas, Powerless Science?: Science and Politics in a Toxic World (New York: Berghahn Books, 2014); Eric Crosbie, Angela Carriedo, and Laura A. Schmidt, “Hollow Threats: Transnational Food and Beverage Companies’ Use of International Agreements to Fight Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labeling in Mexico and Beyond,” International Journal of Health Policy and Management (forthcoming), doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.146.

96 Susan Y. Euling et al., “Examination of US Puberty-Timing Data from 1940 to 1994 for Secular Trends: Panel Findings,” Pediatrics 121, suppl. 3 (2008), doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813D.

97 Alexandra M. Binder et al., “Childhood and Adolescent Phenol and Phthalate Exposure and the Age of Menarche in Latina Girls,” Environmental Health 17, no. 1 (2018), doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0376-z; Ji Hyun Kim and Jung Sub Lim, “Early Menarche and Its Consequence in Korean Female: Reducing Fructose Intake Could Be One Solution,” Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 64, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00353; G. M. Skutsch, “Role of Artificial Lighting in Decreasing the Age of Menarche,” The Lancet 2, no. 7672 (1970), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91379-6.

98 World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision (New York: United Nations, 2009).

99 C. M. Law, “The Growth of Urban Population in England and Wales, 1801–1911,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 41 (1967), doi.org/10.2307/621331.

100 Mark J. Bouman, “Luxury and Control: The Urbanity of Street Lighting in Nineteenth-Century Cities,” Journal of Urban History 14, no. 1 (1987).中国では，早くも西暦347年には竹を使ったパイプで天然ガスを引き，家庭に灯りをともす方法が考案されていたが，ヨーロッパ人がガス灯で公共生活を明るく照らし始めたのは18世紀になってからのことだった．Peter James, Ancient Inventions (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994). 1600年代のパリでは，街灯は鉄製の柱で支えられたガラス製の箱に蠟燭を入れたもので，毎晩ランプ係が火を灯していた．パリの912もある通りのすべてに行き渡った数千もの街灯は，取締り技術の象徴であった．フランスではこの時代に，警察に対する認識が，一般的な行政官から現代的な権威主義的アイデンティティへと転換した．「絶対主義的な権力，統制，弾圧の実行者と見られるようになった」のである．Woflgang Schivelbusch, “The Policing of Street Lighting,” Yale French Studies no. 73 (1987), doi.org/10.2307/2930197.パリの警察によって運営された公共照明の制度は，抑圧的なその存在の象徴となり，街路が，かつては各自の自宅から延長された共生の場であったのが，法と秩序が保たれるべき空間へと変貌を遂げたその変化の象徴でもあった．

101 William Rowan, “Light and Seasonal Reproduction in Animals,” Biological Reviews 13, no. 4 (1938), doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1938.tb00523.x.

102 Kristen J. Navara and Randy J. Nelson, “The Dark Side of Light at Night: Physiological, Epidemiological, and Ecological Consequences,” Journal of Pineal Research 43, no. 3 (2007), doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x.

103 Kathleen E. West et al., “Blue Light from Light-Emitting Diodes Elicits a Dose-Dependent Suppression of Melatonin in Humans,” Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009.

104 Jenny Q. Ouyang, Scott Davies, and Davide Dominoni, “Hormonally Mediated Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Behavior and Fitness: Linking Endocrine Mechanisms with Function,” Journal of Experimental Biology 221, no. 6 (2018), doi.org/10.1242/jeb.156893.

105 Mathieu Troianowski et al., “Effects of Traffic Noise on Tree Frog Stress Levels, Immunity, and Color Signaling,” Conservation Biology 31, no. 3 (2017), doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12893.

106 Demian Halperin, “Environmental Noise and Sleep Disturbances: A Threat to Health?,” Sleep Science 7, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.slsci.2014.11.003.

107 Mette Sorensen et al., “Long-Term Exposure to Road Traffic Noise and Incident Diabetes: A Cohort Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives 121, no. 2 (2013), doi.org/doi:10.1289/ehp.1205503.

108 Charlotte Hurtley, Night Noise Guidelines for Europe (Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office Europe, 2009).

109 Joan A. Casey et al., “Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Residential Segregation, and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States,” Environmental Health Perspectives 125, no. 7 (2017), doi.org/doi:10.1289/EHP898.

110 Wazir Alam, “GIS Based Assessment of Noise Pollution in Guwahati City of Assam, India,” International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2 (2011), tinyurl.com/1tjxzvtm; N. Garg et al., “A Pilot Study on the Establishment of National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network across the Major Cities of India,” Applied Acoustics 103, pt. A (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.09.010.

111 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, “Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades,” American Sociological Review 71, no. 3 (2006), doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301.

112 John T. Cacioppo, Stephanie Cacioppo, and Dorret I. Boomsma, “Evolutionary Mechanisms for Loneliness,” Cognition and Emotion 28, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.837379.

113 Oliver Gruebner, “Cities and Mental Health,” Deutches Ärtzeblatt International 114 (2017), doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121.

114 V. H. Menec et al., “Examining Individual and Geographic Factors Associated with Social Isolation and Loneliness Using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) Data,” PLOS One 14, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211143.

115 Pamela Qualter et al., “Loneliness Across the Life Span,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, no. 2 (2015), doi.org/10.1177/1745691615568999.

116 John T. Cacioppo et al., “The Neuroendocrinology of Social Isolation,” Annual Review of Psychology 66, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240; Inbal Goshen and Raz Yirmiya, “Interleukin-1 (IL-1): A Central Regulator of Stress Responses,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 30, no. 1 (2009), doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.001.

117 A. Cheema et al., “Urbanization and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Southern Asia: A Systematic Analysis,” Journal of Global Health 4, no. 1 (2014), doi.org/10.7189/jogh.04.010404; Matthew J. Salois, “Obesity and Diabetes, the Built Environment, and the ‘Local’ Food Economy in the United States, 2007,” Economics and Human Biology 10, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.04.001; John E. Stewart et al., “Diabetes and the Socioeconomic and Built Environment: Geovisualization of Disease Prevalence and Potential Contextual Associations Using Ring Maps,” International Journal of Health Geographics 10, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-10-18.

118 H. Tilg and A. R. Moschen, “Adipocytokines: Mediators Linking Adipose Tissue, Inflammation and Immunity,” Nature Reviews Immunology 6, no. 10 (2006), doi.org/10.1038/nri1937.

119 Rajita Sinha, “Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to Addiction,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1141, no. 1 (2008), doi.org/10.1196/annals.1441.030.

120 A. Verdejo-Garcia et al., “Negative Emotion-Driven Impulsivity Predicts Substance Dependence Problems,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 91, no. 2–3 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.

121 M. D. Anestis, E. A. Selby, and T. E. Joiner, “The Role of Urgency in Maladaptive Behaviors,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, no. 12 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.012.

122 C. S. Li and R. Sinha, “Inhibitory Control and Emotional Stress Regulation: Neuroimaging Evidence for Frontal-Limbic Dysfunction in Psycho-Stimulant Addiction,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32, no. 3 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.003.

123 David T. Courtwright, The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2019).

124 Frederik Stjernfelt and Anne Mette Lauritzen, Your Post Has Been Removed: Tech Giants and Freedom of Speech (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2020), 48.

125 Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads (New York: Vintage, 2017).

126 A. Danese et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Risk Factors for Age-Related Disease: Depression, Inflammation, and Clustering of Metabolic Risk Markers,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163, no. 12 (2009), doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.214; M. Chen and R. E. Lacey, “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Inflammation: Findings from the 1958 British Birth Cohort,” Brain, Behavior and Immunity 69 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.007; N. A. John-Henderson et al., “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Immune System Inflammation in Adults Residing on the Blackfeet Reservation: The Moderating Role of Sense of Belonging to the Community,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine (2019), doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz029; E. Flouri et al., “Prenatal and Childhood Adverse Life Events, Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence,” Journal of Affective Disorders 260 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.024; E. Vasquez et al., “Association Between Adverse Childhood Events and Multimorbidity in a Racial and Ethnic Diverse Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults,” Innovation in Aging 3, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz016; J. P. Gouin et al., “Resilience Resources Moderate the Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Adulthood Inflammation,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 51, no. 5 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s12160-017-9891-3; T. W. McDade, “Early Environments and the Ecology of Inflammation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, suppl. 2 (2012), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202244109.

127 S. E. Nennig and J. R. Schank, “The Role of NFKB in Drug Addiction: Beyond Inflammation,” Alcohol and Alcoholism 52, no. 2 (2017), doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agw098.

128 M. R. Lashkarizadeh et al., “Impact of Opium Addiction on Levels of Pro-and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines After Surgery,” Addiction and Health 8, no. 1 (2016), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27274788; Nennig and Schank, “Role of NFKB in Drug Addiction.”

129 W. Kim et al., “The Effect of Cognitive Behavior Therapy-Based Psychotherapy Applied in a Forest Environment on Physiological Changes and Remission of Major Depressive Disorder,” Psychiatry Investigation 6, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.245.

130 Jeffrey M. Craig, Alan C. Logan, and Susan L. Prescott, “Natural Environments, Nature Relatedness and the Ecological Theater: Connecting Satellites and Sequencing to Shinrin-Yoku,” Journal of Physiological Anthropology 35, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0083-9; Margaret M. Hansen, Reo Jones, and Kirsten Tocchini, “Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8 (2017), doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851.

131 G. Gimpl and F. Fahrenholz, “The Oxytocin Receptor System: Structure, Function, and Regulation,” Physiological Reviews 81, no. 2 (2001), doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629.

132 R. Hurlemann et al., “Oxytocin Enhances Amygdala-Dependent, Socially Reinforced Learning and Emotional Empathy in Humans,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 14 (2010), doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5538-09.2010.

133 H. Shen, “Neuroscience: The Hard Science of Oxytocin,” Nature 522, no. 7557 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/522410a.

134 D. Wei et al., “Endocannabinoid Signaling Mediates Oxytocin-Driven Social Reward,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 45 (2015), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509795112.

135 Gimpl and Fahrenholz, “Oxytocin Receptor System.”

136 V. Morhenn, L. E. Beavin, and P. J. Zak, “Massage Increases Oxytocin and Reduces Adrenocorticotropin Hormone in Humans,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 18, no. 6 (2012), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23251939.

137 Markus Heinrichs et al., “Social Support and Oxytocin Interact to Suppress Cortisol and Subjective Responses to Psychosocial Stress,” Biological Psychiatry 54, no. 12 (2003), doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00465-7; Kerstin Uvnas-Moberg and Maria Petersson, “Oxytocin, a Mediator of Anti-Stress, Well-Being, Social Interaction, Growth and Healing,” Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 51, no. 1 (2005), doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2005.51.1.57; Lauren M. Sippel et al., “Oxytocin and Stress-Related Disorders: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Treatment Opportunities,” Chronic Stress 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1177/2470547016687996.

138 M. Clodi et al., “Oxytocin Alleviates the Neuroendocrine and Cytokine Response to Bacterial Endotoxin in Healthy Men,” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, no. 3 (2008), doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90263.2008; Tong Li et al., “Approaches Mediating Oxytocin Regulation of the Immune System,” Frontiers in Immunology 7 (2017), doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00693.

139 C. K. W. De Dreu et al., “Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 4 (2011), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015316108; Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory et al., “Giving Peace a Chance: Oxytocin Increases Empathy to Pain in the Context of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, no. 12 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.015.

140 Paul J. Zak, Angela A. Stanton, and Sheila Ahmadi, “Oxytocin Increases Generosity in Humans,” PLOS One 2, no. 11 (2007), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001128; Michael Kosfeld et al., “Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,” Nature 435, no. 7042 (2005), doi.org/10.1038/nature03701; Gregor Domes et al., “Oxytocin Improves ‘Mind-Reading’ in Humans,” Biological Psychiatry 61, no. 6 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015.

141 Carolyn H. Declerck, Christopher Boone, and Toko Kiyonari, “Oxytocin and Cooperation Under Conditions of Uncertainty: The Modulating Role of Incentives and Social Information,” Hormones and Behavior 57, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.01.006.

142 Yina Ma et al., “Opposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds,” Neuropsychopharmacology 40, no. 10 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.87.

143 Mona Lisa Chanda and Daniel J. Levitin, “The Neurochemistry of Music,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007.

144 J. R. Keeler et al., “The Neurochemistry and Social Flow of Singing: Bonding and Oxytocin,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9 (2015), doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00518.

145 Constantina Theofanopoulou, “A Hypothesis on a Role of Oxytocin in the Social Mechanisms of Speech and Vocal Learning,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (2017), doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0988.

146 Kerstin Uvnas-Moberg, Linda Handlin, and Maria Petersson, “Self-Soothing Behaviors with Particular Reference to Oxytocin Release Induced by Non-Noxious Sensory Stimulation,” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2015), doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529.

147 Shen, “Neuroscience.”

148 Gideon Nave, Colin Camerer, and Michael McCullough, “Does Oxytocin Increase Trust in Humans? A Critical Review of Research,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, no. 6 (2015), doi.org/10.1177/1745691615600138.

149 Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: New York Review, 1975)［ピーター・シンガー『動物の解放』戸田清訳，人文書院，改訂版，2011］．

150 Lucette Flandroy et al., “The Impact of Human Activities and Lifestyles on the Interlinked Microbiota and Health of Humans and of Ecosystems,” Science of the Total Environment 627 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288.

151 Brenda M. Restoule, The Soul Wounds of the Anishinabek People (2013), issuu.com/anishinabeknews/docs/soul_wounds_booklet.

152 Richard Henry Pratt, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites” (1892), in Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by “Friends of the Indian” 1800–1900, ed. Francis Paul Prucha (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973).

153 Restoule, Soul Wounds of Anishinabek People.

154 Katherine Pettipas, Severing the Ties That Bind: Government Repression of Indigenous Religious Ceremonies on the Prairies (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1994).

155 D. H. Whalen, Margaret Moss, and Daryl Baldwin, “Healing Through Language: Positive Physical Health Effects of Indigenous Language Use,” F1000Research 5 (2016), doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8656.1.

156 Constantina Theofanopoulou, Cedric Boeckx, and Erich D. Jarvis, “A Hypothesis on a Role of Oxytocin in the Social Mechanisms of Speech and Vocal Learning,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (2017), doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0988.

157 R. T. Oster et al., “Cultural Continuity, Traditional Indigenous Language, and Diabetes in Alberta First Nations: A Mixed Methods Study,” International Journal for Equity in Health 13 (2014), doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0092-4.

158 Darcy Hallett, Michael J. Chandler, and Christopher E. Lalonde, “Aboriginal Language Knowledge and Youth Suicide,” Cognitive Development 22, no. 3 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.001.

159 Oster et al., “Cultural Continuity,” 6.

160 Kandice Grossman, “Tigerswan at Standing Rock: Ethics of Private Military Use Against an Environmental-Justice Movement,” Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.002139.

第８章　神経系

1 Lisa Kemmerer, Sister Species: Women, Animals, and Social Justice (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2011), 16.

2 Scott F. Gilbert, Jan Sapp, and Alfred I. Tauber, “A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals,” Quarterly Review of Biology 87, no. 4 (2012), doi.org/10.1086/668166.

3 Rene Dietrich, “‘Pando/Pando’ Across the Americas: Transnational Settler Territorialities and Decolonial Pluralities,” Journal of Transnational American Studies 11, no. 1 (2020), escholarship.org/uc/item/6g60x78r.

4 Bret Gustafson, “Bolivia 9/11: Bodies and Power on a Feudal Frontier,” Caterwaul Quarterly, July 14, 2009, tinyurl.com/1uu4giuq.

5 クーデタには合衆国のメディアももちろん関与している．Glenn Greenwald, “The New York Times Admits Key Falsehoods That Drove Last Year’s Coup in Bolivia: Falsehoods Peddled by the U.S., Its Media, and the Times,” The Intercept, June 8, 2020, tinyurl.com/5gon2y67.

6 Lucien Chauvin and Anthony Faiola, “As the U.S.-Backed Government in Bolivia Unleashes a Wave of Political Persecution, the Trump Administration Remains Silent,” The Washington Post, March 6 2020, tinyurl.com/slmd5nmc.

7 Maribel Aponte-Garcia, “Bolivia: A World Power in Lithium, the Coup d’Etat and the Dispute for Technological Supremacy Between the USA and China 1,” Journal of Applied Business and Economics 22, no. 3 (2020); Thea N. Riofrancos, Resource Radicals: From Petro-Nationalism to Post-Extractivism in Ecuador (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020).

8 Kate Aronoff, “The Socialist Win in Bolivia and the New Era of Lithium Extraction,” New Republic, October 19, 2020, tinyurl.com/d05eofgq.

9 Jennifer DeWoody et al., “‘Pando’ Lives: Molecular Genetic Evidence of a Giant Aspen Clone in Central Utah,” Western North American Naturalist 68, no. 4 (2008), tinyurl.com/i1us3dj3; Paul C. Rogers and Jody A. Gale, “Restoration of the Iconic Pando Aspen Clone: Emerging Evidence of Recovery,” Ecosphere 8, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1661; Paul C. Rogers and Darren J. McAvoy, “Mule Deer Impede Pando’s Recovery: Implications for Aspen Resilience from a Single-Genotype Forest,” PLOS One 13, no. 10 (2018), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203619.

10 Sherwin Bitsui and Allison Adelle Hedge Coke, “A Couple of Poets Passing Time, December,” Association of Writers and Writing Programs, 2021, www.awpwriter.org/community_calendar/spotlight_view/bitsui_hedgecoke.

11 The timeline is still being debated. Birger Rasmussen et al., “Reassessing the First Appearance of Eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria,” Nature 455, no. 7216 (2008), doi.org/10.1038/nature07381.

12 Lawrence A. David and Eric J. Alm, “Rapid Evolutionary Innovation During an Archaean Genetic Expansion,” Nature 469, no. 7328 (2011), doi.org/10.1038/nature09649.

13 K. Luby-Phelps, “Cytoarchitecture and Physical Properties of Cytoplasm: Volume, Viscosity, Diffusion, Intracellular Surface Area,” International Review of Cytology 192 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60527-6.

14 Eugene V. Koonin, “Origin of Eukaryotes from Within Archaea, Archaeal Eukaryome and Bursts of Gene Gain: Eukaryogenesis Just Made Easier?,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1678 (2015), doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0333.

15 Verena Zimorski et al., “Endosymbiotic Theory for Organelle Origins,” Current Opinion in Microbiology 22 (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2014.09.008.

16 Y. M. Bar-On, R. Phillips, and R. Milo, “The Biomass Distribution on Earth,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 25 (2018): 6506–11. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115.

17 A. Pietryczuk et al., “Abundance and Species Diversity of Fungi in Rivers with Various Contaminations,” Current Microbiology 75 (2017), doi.org/10.1007/s00284-017-1427-3; Katja Sterflinger, Donatella Tesei, and Kristina Zakharova, “Fungi in Hot and Cold Deserts with Particular Reference to Microcolonial Fungi,” Fungal Ecology 5, no. 4 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.007; R. S. Redman et al., “Thermotolerance Generated by Plant/Fungal Symbiosis,” Science 298, no. 5598 (2002), doi.org/10.1126/science.1072191; M. Ivarsson, S. Bengtson, and A. Neubeck, “The Igneous Oceanic Crust—Earth’s Largest Fungal Habitat?,” Fungal Ecology 20 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.01.009.

18 Jennifer Frazer, “The World’s Largest Mining Operation Is Run by Fungi,” Scientific American, November 5, 2015, blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/the-world-s-largest-mining-operation-is-run-by-fungi/.

19 Lynn Margulis and Eva Barreno, “Looking at Lichens,” BioScience 53, no. 8 (2003), doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0776:LAL]2.0.CO;2.

20 David Griffiths, “Queer Theory for Lichens,” UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 19 (2015).

21 Brian D. Fath, Carly A. Dean, and Harald Katzmair, “Navigating the Adaptive Cycle: An Approach to Managing the Resilience of Social Systems,” Ecology and Society 20, no. 2 (2015), doi.org/10.5751/es-07467-200224.

22 Michael S. A. Graziano and Sabine Kastner, “Human Consciousness and Its Relationship to Social Neuroscience: A Novel Hypothesis,” Cognitive Neuroscience 2, no. 2 (2011), doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2011.565121.

23 Eric Kandel, James Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2000)［『カンデル神経科学』金澤一郎，宮下保司，日本語版監修，岡野栄之ほか監訳，メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル，2014］．

24 Frederico A. C. Azevedo et al., “Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-up Primate Brain,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (2009), doi.org/10.1002/cne.21974.

25 Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell, Principles of Neural Science［『カンデル神経科学』］．

26 Douglass Godwin, Robert L. Barry, and Rene Marois, “Breakdown of the Brain’s Functional Network Modularity with Awareness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 12 (2015), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414466112; Todd E. Feinberg and Jon Mallatt, “Phenomenal Consciousness and Emergence: Eliminating the Explanatory Gap,” Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01041; Francis Crick and Christof Koch, “Consciousness and Neuroscience,” Cerebral Cortex 8 (1998), authors.library.caltech.edu/40355/1/featurearticle.pdf ; S. Dehaene, “Towards a Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness: Basic Evidence and a Workspace Framework,” Cognition 79, no. 1–2 (2001), doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00123-2.

27 Graziano and Kastner, “Human Consciousness and Its Relationship.”

28 Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell, Principles of Neural Science［『カンデル神経科学』］；Geoffrey Hinton, “Neural Networks Learn from Experience,” Scientific American 267, no. 3 (1992), jstor.org/stable/24939221.

29 Olaf Sporns and Richard F. Betzel, “Modular Brain Networks,” Annual Review of Psychology 67, no. 1 (2016), doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033634.

30 Hinton, “Neural Networks Learn.”

31 Jeffrey L. Elman, “Learning and Development in Neural Networks: The Im-portance of Starting Small,” Cognition 48, no. 1 (1993), doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90058-4.

32 Johan Martensson et al., “Growth of Language-Related Brain Areas after Foreign Language Learning,” NeuroImage 63, no. 1 (2012), doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.043

33 Matuš Adamkovič and Marcel Martončik, “A Review of Consequences of Poverty on Economic Decision-Making: A Hypothesized Model of a Cognitive Mechanism,” Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017), doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01784; A. K. Shah, S. Mullainathan, and E. Shafir, “Some Consequences of Having Too Little,” Science 338, no. 6107 (2012), doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426.

34 Mark Neocleous, “Resisting Resilience,” Radical Philosophy 178, no. 6 (2013).

35 Elif Eyigoz et al., “Linguistic Markers Predict Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease,” EClinicalMedicine 28 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100583.

36 Henry W. Querfurth and Frank M. Laferla, “Alzheimer’s Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 362, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1056/nejmra0909142.

37 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures (Chicago: Alzheimer’s Association, 2020), www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures_1.pdf.

38 Wilfred F. A. Den Dunnen et al., “No Disease in the Brain of a 115-Year-Old Woman,” Neurobiology of Aging 29, no. 8 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.010.

39 Kelly Del Tredici and Heiko Braak, “Neurofibrillary Changes of the Alzheimer Type in Very Elderly Individuals: Neither Inevitable nor Benign,” Neurobiology of Aging 29, no. 8 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.016.

40 J. A. Hardy and G. A. Higgins, “Alzheimer’s Disease: The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis,” Science 256, no. 5054 (1992), doi.org/10.1126/science.1566067.

41 Michel Goedert, “Tau Protein and the Neurofibrillary Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Trends in Neurosciences 16, no. 11 (1993), doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(93)90078-z.

42 Michael F. Egan et al., “Randomized Trial of Verubecestat for Mild-to- Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 378, no. 18 (2018), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1706441.

43 Rachelle S. Doody et al., “A Phase 3 Trial of Semagacestat for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 4 (2013), doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1210951.

44 Ole Isacson, “The Consequences of Coronavirus-Induced Cytokine Storm Are Associated with Neurological Diseases, Which May Be Preventable,” Frontiers in Neurology 11 (2020), doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00745.

45 Pam Belluck, “‘I Feel Like I Have Dementia’: Brain Fog Plagues Covid Survivors,” The New York Times, October 11, 2020, tinyurl.com/yb43fdfc.

46 Stephanie J. Soscia et al., “The Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Amyloid B-Protein Is an Antimicrobial Peptide,” PLOS One 5, no. 3 (2010), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009505; Seong-Cheol Park et al., “Functional Characterization of Alpha-Synuclein Protein with Antimicrobial Activity,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 478, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.052.

47 Lesley Jones et al., “Genetic Evidence Implicates the Immune System and Cholesterol Metabolism in the Aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease,” PLOS One 5, no. 11 (2010), doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013950.

48 Donata M. Paresce, Richik N. Ghosh, and Frederick R. Maxfield, “Microglial Cells Internalize Aggregates of the Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid B-Protein via a Scavenger Receptor,” Neuron 17, no. 3 (1996), doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80187-7.

49 Melinda E. Lull and Michelle L. Block, “Microglial Activation and Chronic Neurodegeneration,” Neurotherapeutics 7, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014; Florent Ginhoux and Marco Prinz, “Origin of Microglia: Current Concepts and Past Controversies,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, no. 8 (2015), doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a020537.

50 Helmut Kettenmann and Alexei Verkhratsky, “Neuroglia: The 150 Years After,” Trends in Neurosciences 31, no. 12 (2008), doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.003.

51 Simon Makin, “The Amyloid Hypothesis on Trial,” Nature 559, no. 7715 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05719-4; Georg W. Kreutzberg, “Microglia: A Sensor for Pathological Events in the CNS,” Trends in Neurosciences 19, no. 8 (1996), doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7.

52 Paresce, Ghosh, and Maxfield, “Microglial Cells Internalize Aggregates”; Ginhoux and Prinz, “Origin of Microglia”; Makin, “Amyloid Hypothesis on Trial.”

53 Marc Fakhoury, “Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for Therapy,” Current Neuropharmacology 16, no. 5 (2018), doi.org/10.2174/1570159x15666170720095240.

54 Antero Salminen et al., “Astrocytes in the Aging Brain Express Characteristics of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype,” European Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 1 (2011), doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07738.x.

55 Lull and Block, “Microglial Activation”; T. Wyss-Coray and L. Mucke, “Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease — A Double-Edged Sword,” Neuron 35, no. 3 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00794-8; Christopher K. Glass et al., “Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation in Neurodegeneration,” Cell 140, no. 6 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016.

56 Shigeru Watanabe, “Chapter Five — Social Modification of Amphetamine Reward,” International Review of Neurobiology 140 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.023

57 Michael D. Weber, Jonathan P. Godbout, and John F. Sheridan, “Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal,” Neuropsychopharmacology 42, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.102.

58 Vivian Wang, “Erica Garner, Activist and Daughter of Eric Garner, Dies at 27,” The New York Times, December 30, 2017, nytimes.com/2017/12/30/nyregion/erica-garner-dead.html.

59 S. Mackenzie et al., “From Science to Action: The Trauma of Police Killings in the US,” paper presented at the American Public Health Association National Conference, Atlanta, 2019.

60 B. S. McEwen, “Sex, Stress and the Hippocampus: Allostasis, Allostatic Load and the Aging Process,” Neurobiology of Aging 23, no. 5 (2002), doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00027-1; Carmen Sandi, “Stress, Cognitive Impairment and Cell Adhesion Molecules,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 12 (2004), doi.org/10.1038 /nrn1555; J. Douglas Bremner, “Does Stress Damage the Brain?,” Biological Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (1999), doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00009-8; Bruce S. McEwen et al., “Mechanisms of Stress in the Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/nn.4086.

61 Megan Zuelsdorff, “Lifetime Stressful Experiences, Racial Disparities, and Cognitive Performance: Findings from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (WRAP) Study,” Alzheimer’s and Dementia, July 1, 2017, doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.085; Claudio Fiocchi, “Lifetime Stress May Boost Dementia Risk for Blacks,” Medpage Today, 2017, www.alzinfo.org/articles/midlife-stress-may-increase-dementia-risk.

62 Megan Zuelsdorff et al., “Stressful Life Events and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 73 (2020), doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190439.

63 Anthony S. Zannas et al., “Lifetime Stress Accelerates Epigenetic Aging in an Urban, African American Cohort: Relevance of Glucocorticoid Signaling,” Genome Biology 16, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0828-5.

64 Hugo D. Critchley, “Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain,” Neuroscientist 8, no. 2 (2002), doi.org/10.1177/107385840200800209.

65 Glen Cook and Charles Mitschow, “Beyond the Polygraph: Deception Detection and the Autonomic Nervous System,” Federal Practitioner 36, no. 7 (2019), pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31384120.

66 参照した論文では，ネブラスカ大学とテキサス大学の研究者たちは，対象とした大学の名を明らかにしていない．Jacob E. Cheadle et al., “Race and Ethnic Variation in College Students’ Allostatic Regulation of Racism-Related Stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 49 (2020), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922025117.この実験では，20世紀の技術すなわち噓発見器を用いて，白人至上主義に対するガルヴァニック反応すなわち神経系の反応を測定した．21世紀の人種差別に関する有色人の若者の証言を調査しているのだが，それをストレスの測定値で補強したわけである．あたかも有色人の若者の証言だけでは不十分であるかのように．

67 McEwen, “Sex, Stress and the Hippocampus”; McEwen et al., “Mechanisms of Stress in the Brain.”

68 Elizabeth Rose Mayeda et al., “Inequalities in Dementia Incidence Between Six Racial and Ethnic Groups over 14 years,” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 12, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007.

69 Zuelsdorff et al., “Stressful Life Events.”

70 Megan L. Zuelsdorff et al., “Stressful Events, Social Support, and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults with a Family History of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Aging and Health 25, no. 6 (2013), doi.org/10.1177/0898264313498416.

71 Keenan Walker, “Systemic Inflammation During Midlife and Cognitive Change over 20 Years,” Neurology 92, no. 11 (2019), doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007094.

72 C. Holmes et al., “Systemic Inflammation and Disease Progression in Alzheimer Disease,” Neurology 73, no. 10 (2009), doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b6bb95; V. H. Perry, C. Cunningham, and C. Holmes, “Systemic Infections and Inflammation Affect Chronic Neurodegeneration,” Nature Reviews Immunology 7, no. 2 (2007), doi.org/10.1038/nri2015.

73 Holmes et al., “Systemic Inflammation.”

74 H. Akiyama et al., “Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurobiology of Aging 21, no. 3 (2000), doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x; John V. Forrester, Paul G. McMenamin, and Samantha J. Dando, “CNS Infection and Immune Privilege,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, no. 11 (2018), doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0070-8.

75 B. H. Mullish, “Letter: Improvements in Mental Health after Faecal Microbiota Transplantation — An Underexplored Treatment-Related Benefit?,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 47, no. 11 (2018), doi.org/10.1111/apt.14626.

76 G. B. Rogers et al., “From Gut Dysbiosis to Altered Brain Function and Mental Illness: Mechanisms and Pathways,” Molecular Psychiatry 21, no. 6 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.50.

77 Edward T. Bullmore, The Inflamed Mind: A Radical New Approach to Depression (New York: Picador, 2019)［エドワード・ブルモア『「うつ」は炎症で起きる』藤井良江訳，草思社文庫，2020］．

78 Jessica M. Yano et al., “Indigenous Bacteria from the Gut Microbiota Regulate Host Serotonin Biosynthesis,” Cell 161, no. 2 (2015), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047

79 Efrain C. Azmitia, “Evolution of Serotonin: Sunlight to Suicide,” Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience 31 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00001-3.

80 Efrain C. Azmitia, “Serotonin and Brain: Evolution, Neuroplasticity, and Homeostasis,” International Review of Neurobiology 77 (2007), doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(06)77002-7.

81 I. P. Lapin and G. F. Oxenkrug, “Intensification of the Central Serotoninergic Processes as a Possible Determinant of the Thymoleptic Effect,” The Lancet 293, no. 7586 (1969), doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91140-4; A. Coppen et al., “5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the Whole-Blood of Patients with Depressive Illness,” Postgraduate Medical Journal 52, no. 605 (1976), doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.52.605.156.

82 Steven H. Zeisel, “Nutritional Importance of Choline for Brain Development,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23, no. sup6 (2004), doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719433.

83 Jane A. Foster and Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld, “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression,” Trends in Neurosciences 36, no. 5 (2013), doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005.

84 Gil Sharon et al., “The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome,” Cell 167, no. 4 (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027.

85 Ibid.

86 Richard Daneman and Alexandre Prat, “The Blood-Brain Barrier,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a020412; Giuliani and Alessandro Peri, “Effects of Hyponatremia on the Brain,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 4 (2014), doi.org/10.3390/jcm3041163.

87 Sharon et al., “Central Nervous System and Gut Microbiome.”

88 J. Ochoa-Reparaz et al., “A Polysaccharide from the Human Commensal Bacteroides Fragilis Protects against CNS Demyelinating Disease,” Mucosal Immunology 3, no. 5 (2010), doi.org/10.1038/mi.2010.29.

89 Sharon et al., “Central Nervous System and Gut Microbiome.”

90 Nicholas M. Vogt et al., “Gut Microbiome Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017), doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y.

91 Alfonsina D’Amato et al., “Faecal Microbiota Transplant from Aged Donor Mice Affects Spatial Learning and Memory Via Modulating Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Neurotransmission-Related Proteins in Young Recipients,” Microbiome 8, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00914-w.

92 R. C. E. Bowyer et al., “Socioeconomic Status and the Gut Microbiome: A Twinsuk Cohort Study,” Microorganisms 7, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010017.

93 Rogers et al., “From Gut Dysbiosis to Altered Brain Function”; Foster and Neufeld, “Gut–Brain Axis.”

94 Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017).

95 Nora Amalia Femenia and Carlos Ariel Gil, “Argentina’s Mothers of Plaza de Mayo: The Mourning Process from Junta to Democracy,” Feminist Studies 13, no. 1 (1987), doi.org/10.2307/3177832.

96 J. A. du Pisani, M. Broodryk, and P. W. Coetzer, “Protest Marches in South Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 4 (1990), doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00054744.

97 Federico Morelli et al., “The Vulture in the Sky and the Hominin on the Land: Three Million Years of Human–Vulture Interaction,” Anthrozoös 28, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1052279.

98 Meera Subramanian, “Towering Silence: For Millennia Zoroastrians Have Used Vultures to Dispose of Their Dead. What Will Happen When the Birds Disappear?,” Science and Spirit 19, no. 3 (2008), doi.org/10.3200/SSPT.19.3.34-39.

99 Bruno Bonaz, Valerie Sinniger, and Sonia Pellissier, “Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Vagus Nerve: Potential Therapeutic Implications of Vagus Nerve Stimulation,” Journal of Physiology 594, no. 20 (2016), doi.org/10.1113/jp271539.

100 G. R. Johnston and N. R. Webster, “Cytokines and the Immunomodulatory Function of the Vagus Nerve,” British Journal of Anaesthesia 102, no. 4 (2009), doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep037.

101 Cora Stefanie Weber et al., “Low Vagal Tone Is Associated with Impaired Post Stress Recovery of Cardiovascular, Endocrine, and Immune Markers,” European Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 2 (2010), doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1341-x.

102 Sigrid Breit et al., “Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain-Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (2018), doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044.

103 Bonaz, Sinniger, and Pellissier, “Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Vagus Nerve.”

104 B. Rael Cahn et al., “Yoga, Meditation and Mind-Body Health: Increased BDNF, Cortisol Awakening Response, and Altered Inflammatory Marker Expression After a 3-Month Yoga and Meditation Retreat,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017), doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00315.

105 Roderik J. S. Gerritsen and Guido P. H. Band, “Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12 (2018), doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397.

106 Jing Kang, Austin Scholp, and Jack J. Jiang, “A Review of the Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Singing,” Journal of Voice 32, no. 4 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.07.008.

107 Leroy Vail and Landeg White, “Forms of Resistance: Songs and Perceptions of Power in Colonial Mozambique,” American Historical Review 88, no. 4 (1983), doi.org/10.2307/1874024.

108 Gregory M. Filip and Lisa M. Ganio, “Early Thinning in Mixed-Species Plantations of Douglas-Fir, Hemlock, and True Fir Affected by Armillaria Root Disease in Westcentral Oregon and Washington: 20 Year Results,” Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 1 (2004), doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.1.25.

109 Anne Casselman, “Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus,” Scientific American, October 4, 2007, tinyurl.com/36gr6mln.

110 Gyorgy Sipos, James B Anderson, and Laszlo G Nagy, “Armillaria,” Current Biology 28, no. 7 (2018), doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.026.

111 J. W. Hanna et al., “Maximum Entropy-Based Bioclimatic Models Predict Areas of Current and Future Suitable Habitat for Armillaria Species in Western Oregon and Western Washington,” paper presented at the 66th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, June 3–7, 2019, Estes Park, CO, www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2020/rmrs_2020_hanna_j003.pdf; Tomaš Větrovsky et al., “A Meta-Analysis of Global Fungal Distribution Reveals Climate-Driven Patterns,” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13164-88.森の二酸化炭素を減少させる効果のある菌根は，植物病原菌よりも許容できる気温の範囲が著しく狭い．地球規模で気温が上昇している昨今，こうした菌類と，菌類に依存している森や，言うまでもなく人間も，その運命が危機に瀕している．

112 Martin Parniske, “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: The Mother of Plant Root Endosymbioses,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no. 10 (2008), doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1987.

113 Mark C. Brundrett, “Coevolution of Roots and Mycorrhizas of Land Plants,” New Phytologist 154, no. 2 (2002), doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x.

114 Parniske, “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.”

115 Ibid.

116 Meena Kapahi and Sarita Sachdeva, “Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution,” Journal of Health and Pollution 9, no. 24 (2019), doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203.

117 Fariba Mohsenzadeh et al., “Phytoremediation of Petroleum-Polluted Soils: Application of Polygonum Aviculare and Its Root-Associated (Penetrated) Fungal Strains for Bioremediation of Petroleum-Polluted Soils,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.020.

118 Michael Phillips, Mycorrhizal Planet (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2017).

119 Ibid.; Parniske, “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.”

120 Parniske, “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.”

121 Ibid.

122 Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds and Shape Our Futures (New York: Random House, 2020), 127［マーリン・シェルドレイク『菌類が世界を救う――キノコ・カビ・酵母たちの驚異の能力』鍛原多惠子訳，河出書房新社，2022，p. 156］．

123 Sabine C. Jung et al., “Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance and Priming of Plant Defenses,” Journal of Chemical Ecology 38, no. 6 (2012), doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0134-6.

124 Diane Toomey, “Exploring How and Why Trees ‘Talk’ to Each Other,” Yale Environment 360, 2016, e360.yale.edu/features/exploring_how_and_why_trees_talk_to_each_other; Suzanne W. Simard and Daniel M. Durall, “Mycorrhizal Networks: A Review of Their Extent, Function, and Importance,” Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (2004), doi.org/10.1139/b04-116.

125 Francois P. Teste et al., “Access to Mycorrhizal Networks and Roots of Trees: Importance for Seedling Survival and Resource Transfer,” Ecology 90, no. 10 (2009), doi.org/10.1890/08-1884.1.

126 Michael Winkelman, “Introduction: Evidence for Entheogen Use in Prehistory and World Religions,” Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.024.

127 Elisa Guerra-Doce, “Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence,” Time and Mind 8, no. 1 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/1751696x.2014.993244; H. R. El-Seedi et al., “Prehistoric Peyote Use: Alkaloid Analysis and Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Specimens of Lophophora from Texas,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101, no. 1–3 (2005), doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022.

128 Weston La Barre, “Old and New World Narcotics: A Statistical Question and an Ethnological Reply,” Economic Botany 24, no. 1 (1970), doi.org/10.1007/bf02860640.

129 M. D. Merlin, “Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World,” Economic Botany 57, no. 3 (2003), www.jstor.org/stable/4256701.

130 Ibid.

131 Evgenia Fotiou, “The Globalization of Ayahuasca Shamanism and the Erasure of Indigenous Shamanism,” Anthropology of Consciousness 27, no. 2 (2016), doi.org/10.1111/anoc.12056.

132 精神展開作用を持つリゼルグ酸ジエチルアミド（LSD）は，ライ麦に寄生する麦角菌（学名Claviceps purpura）から産生されるエルゴタミンを原料として，1938年に初めて合成された．リンダ・カーポラエルは大学院生だったときに，エルゴタミンが1692年のセイラム魔女裁判［第5章参照］で重要な役割を演じていたとする生理学的仮説を発表した．カーポラエルは分析の結果，魔法だとされていた現象を引き起こしていたのは，悪魔ではなくこの菌であったと結論付けたのである．この魔女裁判があった時期の季節的な気象パターンは，実ったライ麦にこの菌が繁殖するのに最適だった．中枢神経に作用する麦角菌は，躁病や精神病，そして体中に虫が這い回っているような感覚を引き起こしうる．これらはすべて，この裁判で魔法を用いたとして告発された若者たちが経験していた症状である．カーポラエルの論文が『サイエンス』誌に掲載された直後，同誌はニコラス・P・スペイノスとジャック・ゴットリーブという2人の心理学者による反論を掲載した．数年後，菌類の蔓延に起因する社会的行動を専門とする歴史学者メアリー・マトーシアンが，カーポラエルの分析を支持した．誰が魔女狩りの歴史を語ることができるのか，ということをめぐる，現代における男女間の主導権争いである．Linnda R. Caporael, “Ergotism: The Satan Loosed in Salem,” Science 192, no. 4234 (1976), doi.org/10.1126/science.769159 ; M. R. Lee, “The History of Ergot of Rye (Claviceps purpurea) III: 1940–80,” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 40, no. 1 (2010), doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2010.115.

133 Juan F. Lopez-Gimenez and Javier Gonzalez-Maeso, “Hallucinogens and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways,” in Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs, vol. 36, Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, ed. A. L. Halberstadt, F. X. Vollenweider, and D.E. Nichols (Berlin: Springer, 2017), doi.org/10.1007/78542017478.

134 M. Kometer et al., “Activation of Serotonin 2A Receptors Underlies the Psilocybin-Induced Effects on ɑ Oscillations, N170 Visual-Evoked Potentials, and Visual Hallucinations,” Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 25 (2013), doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3007-12.2013.

135 Efrain C. Azmitia, “Evolution of Serotonin: Sunlight to Suicide,” Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience 31 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00001-3.

136 Bangning Yu et al., “Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A Receptor Activation Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-ɑ- Induced Inflammation with Extraordinary Potency,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 327, no. 2 (2008), doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.143461.

137 Peter S. Hendricks et al., “Classic Psychedelic Use Is Associated with Reduced Psychological Distress and Suicidality in the United States Adult Population,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565653; J. W. Murrough et al., “Ketamine for Rapid Reduction of Suicidal Ideation: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Psychological Medicine 45, no. 16 (2015), doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001506; Thomas J. Riedlinger and June E. Riedlinger, “Psychedelic and Entactogenic Drugs in the Treatment of Depression,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26, no. 1 (1994), doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1994.10472600; Vitor Caiaffo et al., “Anti‐Inflammatory, Antiapoptotic, and Antioxidant Activity of Fluoxetine,” Pharmacology Research and Perspectives 4, no. 3 (2016), doi.org/10.1002/prp2.231.

138 H. G. Ruhe, N. S. Mason, and A. H. Schene, “Mood Is Indirectly Related to Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine Levels in Humans: A Meta-Analysis of Monoamine Depletion Studies,” Molecular Psychiatry 12, no. 4 (2007), doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001949.

139 Andrea I. Luppi et al., “LSD Alters Dynamic Integration and Segregation in the Human Brain,” NeuroImage 227 (2021), doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117653.

140 N. L. Mason et al., “Me, Myself, Bye: Regional Alterations in Glutamate and the Experience of Ego Dissolution with Psilocybin,” Neuropsychopharmacology 45, no. 12 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0718-8.

141 A. A. Feduccia, J. Holland, and M. C. Mithoefer, “Progress and Promise for the MDMA Drug Development Program,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 235, no. 2 (2018), doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4779-2.

142 Alan K. Davis et al., “Psychedelic Treatment for Trauma-Related Psychological and Cognitive Impairment Among US Special Operations Forces Veterans,” Chronic Stress 4 (2020), doi.org/10.1177/2470547020939564.

143 Marcela Ot’alora G. et al., “3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine- Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Phase 2 Controlled Trial,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 12 (2018), doi.org/10.1177/0269881118806297.

144 Riedlinger and Riedlinger, “Psychedelic and Entactogenic Drugs”; Collin M. Reiff et al., “Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy,” American Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 5 (2020), doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035.

145 Rafael Guimaraes dos Santos, Jose Carlos Bouso, and Jaime E. C. Hallak, “Serotonergic Hallucinogens/Psychedelics Could Be Promising Treatments for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in End-Stage Cancer,” BMC Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z.

146 Stephen Ross et al., “Rapid and Sustained Symptom Reduction Following Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 30, no. 12 (2016), doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512.

147 Gabrielle I. Agin-Liebes et al., “Long-Term Follow-up of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1177/0269881119897615.

148 Mellody Hayes, “Psychedelics in Palliative Care,” Scientific American, March 20, 2020, blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/psychedelics-in-palliative-care/.

149 Nicole Leite Galvao-Coelho et al., “Changes in Inflammatory Biomarkers Are Related to the Antidepressant Effects of Ayahuasca,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 10 (2020), doi.org/10.1177/0269881120936486.

150 Evgenia Fotiou, “The Role of Indigenous Knowledges in Psychedelic Science,” Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.031.

151 M. Keith Chen, Judith A. Chevalier, and Elisa F. Long, “Nursing Home Staff Networks and Covid-19,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118, no. 1 (2021), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015455118.

152 Liat Ayalon et al., “Long-Term Care Settings in the Times of Covid-19: Challenges and Future Directions,” International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 10 (2020), doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220001416.インドで介護施設における新型コロナによる死者数が異常に少なかったのは，流行初期に入所者が家族のもとに戻されたことが理由の一端かもしれない．Jallavi Panchamia et al., “Low Covid-19 Mortality in Old Age Homes in Western India: An Empirical Study,” medRxiv (2020), doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.08.20245134.

153 Eva Boodman, “Nursing Home Abolition: Prisons and the Institutionalization of Older Adult Care,” Details: Journal of Ethical Urban Living 2, no. 1 (2019), jeul.cognethic.org/jeulv2i1_Boodman.pdf; Ai-jen Poo, The Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015). 1990年代の刑務所が，カリフォルニア州の製造業の衰退に対する解決策の一端であったように，介護施設はラストベルトのケインズ的景気刺激策の場となった．以下を参照のこと．Gabriel Winant, “‘Hard Times Make for Hard Arteries and Hard Livers’: Deindustrialization, Biopolitics, and the Making of a New Working Class,” Journal of Social History 53, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy11; Gabriel Winant, The Next Shift: The Fall of Industry and the Rise of Health Care in Rust Belt America (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2021).

154 L. Calderon-Garciduenas et al., “Quadruple Abnormal Protein Aggregates in Brainstem Pathology and Exogenous Metal-Rich Magnetic Nanoparticles: The Substantia Nigrae Is a Very Early Target in Young Urbanites and the Gastrointestinal Tract Likely a Key Brainstem Portal,” Environmental Research 191 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110139.

155 Anamika Dubey et al., “Soil Microbiome: A Key Player for Conservation of Soil Health Under Changing Climate,” Biodiversity and Conservation 28, no. 8–9 (2019), doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01760-5; Erik Verbruggen et al., “Positive Effects of Organic Farming on Below-Ground Mutualists: Large-Scale Comparison of Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Agricultural Soils,” New Phytologist 186, no. 4 (2010), doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03230.x.

156 Jonathan Watts and John Vidal, “Environmental Defenders Being Killed in Record Numbers Globally, New Research Reveals,” The Guardian, July 13, 2017, tinyurl.com/ljom8ps9.

157 Varshini Prakash and Guido Girgenti, Winning the Green New Deal: Why We Must, How We Can (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020), 208［ヴァルシニ・プラカシュ，ギド・ジルジェンティ編著『グリーン・ニューディールを勝ち取れ――気候危機、貧困、差別に立ち向かうサンライズ・ムーブメント』朴勝俊ほか訳，那須里山舎，2021］．

158 Naomi Klein, “Care and Repair: Left Politics in the Age of Climate Change,” Dissent 67, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1353/dss.2020.0008.

159 Joel Millward-Hopkins et al., “Providing Decent Living with Minimum Energy: A Global Scenario,” Global Environmental Change 65 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168.

160 U.S. House of Representatives, “H. Res. 109: Recognizing the Duty of the Federal Government to Create a Green New Deal,” February 7, 2019 www.congress.gov/116/bills/hres109/BILLS-116hres109ih.pdf.

161 Thomas Wiedmann et al., “Scientists’ Warning on Affluence,” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y.

162 Stan Cox, The Green New Deal and Beyond: Ending the Climate Emergency While We Still Can (San Francisco: City Lights, 2020).

163 Zak Colman, “Green New Deal Won’t Call for End to Fossil Fuels,” Politico, February 4, 2019, www.politico.com/story/2019/02/04/green-new-deal-fossil-fuels-1142544.

164 Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography,” Professional Geographer 54, no. 1 (2002): 18, doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00310.

165 Zaragosa Vargas, “Tejana Radical: Emma Tenayuca and the San Antonio Labor Movement During the Great Depression,” Pacific Historical Review 66, no. 4 (1997), doi.org/10.2307/3642237; Douglas F. Cannon and Laura E. Cannon, “Headlines vs. History,” Media History 25, no. 2 (2019), doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2016.1262248; D. H. Dinwoodie, “Deportation: The Immigration Service and the Chicano Labor Movement in the 1930s,” New Mexico Historical Review 52, no. 3 (1977); Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodriguez, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995).

166 Howard Kester, Revolt Among the Sharecroppers (New York: Covici, 1936), 26.

167 Donald Parman, “Twentieth-Century Indian History: Achievements, Needs, and Problems,” OAH Magazine of History 9, no. 1 (1994), www.jstor.org/stable/25162997. 1934年のインディアン再編成法はドーズ法に終止符を打った．この法によりインディアン局は，ジョン・コリアー局長体制下で，慈悲深い家父長制を自認し続けることができたのである．Richard O. Clemmer, “Hopis, Western Shoshones, and Southern Utes: Three Different Responses to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 10, no. 2 (2007), doi.org/10.17953/aicr.10.2.b60q70g353272087.

168 Matthias Neumann and Gabriele Winker, “Fighting for Care Work Resources,” in Degrowth in Movement(s), ed. Corinna Burkhart, Matthias Schmelzer, and Nina Treu (Hampshire, UK: Zero Books, 2020); Gabriele Winker, Care Revolution: Schritte in eine solidarische Gesellschaft (transcript Verlag, 2015), doi.org/10.14361/transcript.9783839430408; Friederike Habermann, Ecommony: UmCARE zum Miteinander (Konigstein im Taunus, Germany: Ulrike Helmer Verlag, 2016).

第９章　深層医療

1 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (London: Penguin, 1965), 35［フランツ・ファノン『地に呪われたる者』鈴木道彦，浦野衣子訳，みすず書房，1996，p. 36］．

2 Barbara Alice Mann, Iroquoian Women: The Gantowisas (New York: P. Lang, 2000), 7.

3 Stefano Harmey and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013), 140.

4 Mayra Quirindongo et al., Lost and Found: Missing Mercury from Chemical Plants Pollutes Air and Water (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2006).

5 Beth Schwartzapfel, “1 in 5 Prisoners in the U.S. Has Had Covid-19,” Marshall Project 2020, tinyurl.com/5axqk7xh.

6 Heather Kovich, “Rural Matters — Coronavirus and the Navajo Nation,” New England Journal of Medicine 383, no. 2 (2020), doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2012114.

7 Hong Zhou et al., “A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein,” Current Biology 30, no. 11 (2020), doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023; Peng Zhou et al., “A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with a New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin,” Nature 579, no. 7798 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.

8 Adrienne Murray, “Coronavirus: Denmark Shaken by Cull of Millions of Mink,” BBC News, November 11, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54890229.

9 Jon Henley, “Decomposing Mink in Denmark ‘May Have Contaminated Groundwater,’” The Guardian, December 10, 2020, tinyurl.com/y7g7unxf.

10 Elizabeth Imbert et al., “Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in a San Francisco Homeless Shelter,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, August 3, 2020, doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1071.

11 Jennifer Jett, “Restrictions Continue to Ease, but Not for Migrant Workers,” The New York Times, December 18, 2020, tinyurl.com/1t3j4y1v.

12 Fred Moten, Stolen Life (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018), 131.

13 Jack Halberstam, “The Wild Beyond: With and for the Undercommons,” in The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, ed. Stefano Harmey and Fred Moten (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013), 11.

14 Angela Y. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (Toronto: Publishers Group Canada, 2003), 107［アンジェラ・デイヴィス『監獄ビジネス――グローバリズムと産獄複合体』上杉忍訳，岩波書店，2008，p. 115］．

15 Angela Y. Davis, “Incarcerated Women: Transformative Strategies,” Black Renaissance 1, no. 1 (1996); Angela Y. Davis, If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Third Press, 1971)［アンジェラ・デービス『もし奴らが朝にきたら――黒人政治犯・闘いの声』袖井林二郎監訳，現代評論社，1972］．

16 Angela Y. Davis and Dylan Rodriguez, “The Challenge of Prison Abolition: A Conversation,” Social Justice 27, no. 3 (2000), www.jstor.org/stable/29767244; George Jackson, Blood in My Eye (New York: Random House, 1972); George Jackson, Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson (New York: Coward-McCann, 1970)［ジョージ・ジャクソン『ソルダッド・ブラザー――獄中からの手紙』鈴木主税訳，草思社，1972］．

17 Chris Joyner and Nick Thieme, “Police Killings More Likely in Agencies That Get Military Gear, Data Shows,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 8, 2020, tinyurl.com/yv6cufmw.

18 Rachel Kushner, “Is Prison Necessary? Ruth Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind,” The New York Times, April 17, 2019, tinyurl.com/uymt7l2i.

19 Simon N. Williams and Marion Nestle, “‘Big Food’: Taking a Critical Perspective on a Global Public Health Problem,” Critical Public Health 25, no. 3 (2015), doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2015.1021298.

20 Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Abolition Geography and the Problem of Innocence,” in Futures of Black Radicalism, ed. Gaye Theresa Johnson and Alex Lubin (London: Verso, 2017); Nik Heynen and Megan Ybarra, “On Abolition Ecologies and Making “Freedom as a Place,” Antipode (2020), doi.org/10.1111/anti.12666.

21 Michel Foucault, Power / Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 151.

22 Yan Dhyansky, “The Indus Valley Origin of Yoga Practice,” Artibus Asiae 48, no. 1–2 (1987).

23 Jim Butcher, “Mindfulness as a Management Technique Goes Back to at Least the 1970s,” Harvard Business Review, May 2, 2018, tinyurl .com /yml3eoqh; Madhav Goyal et al., “Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.

24 Janice M. Zeller and Pamela F. Levin, “Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Stress Among Nursing Personnel,” Workplace Health and Safety 61, no. 2 (2013), doi.org/10.1177/216507991306100207.

25 Kate Aronoff, Overheated: How Capitalism Broke the Planet — and How We Fight Back (New York: Bold Type Books, 2021).

26 Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, “Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society 1, no. 1 (2012): 3, jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18630.

27 Melanie Yazzie and Cutcha Risling Baldy, “Indigenous People and the Politics of Water,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society 7, no. 1 (2018).

28 Tuck and Yang, “Decolonization,” 3.

29 Alicia Elliott, A Mind Spread Out on the Ground (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2019), 55.

30 Gilmore, “Abolition Geography”; Heynen and Ybarra, “On Abolition Ecologies.”

31 Committee on Land Acknowledgment, UT Land Acknowledgement (Austin: University of Texas Program in Native American and Indigenous Studies, 2021), liberalarts.utexas.edu/nais/land-acknowledgement/index.php.

32 Oleg Simakov et al., “Hemichordate Genomes and Deuterostome Origins,” Nature 527, no. 7579 (2015), doi.org/10.1038/nature16150.

33 Richard B. Hovey et al., “Enhancing Indigenous Health Promotion Research Through Two-Eyed Seeing: A Hermeneutic Relational Process,” Qualitative Health Research 27, no. 9 (2017), doi.org/10.1177/1049732317697948.

34 Tuck and Yang, “Decolonization.”

35 Alleen Brown, Will Parrish, and Alice Speri, “Leaked Documents Reveal Counterterrorism Tactics Used at Standing Rock to ‘Defeat Pipeline Insurgencies,’” The Intercept, May 27, 2017, tinyurl.com/yhshw75w.

36 「民主的でケアに満ちた社会を構想するということは，すべての市民が可能な限り多くの自由を享受するために，ケアの負担と喜びが平等に分配されるように，バランスを取ることができる正義が備わっている社会を構想する，ということである．そのような将来像を実現するには，市民が他者とともにどのようにケアできるか，つまり，ケアの責任についてどう考えるか，市民自身が明確に理解することが必要である」．Joan Tronto, Caring Democracy: Markets, Equality and Justice (New York: NYU Press, 2013), 43［ジョアン・C・トロント『ケアリング・デモクラシー――市場、平等、正義』岡野八代監訳，相馬直子ほか訳，勁草書房，2024，p. 63］．

37 “Care, V,” Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press). www.oed.com/view/Entry/27902?rskey=Ia7tkj&result=4.

38 Roberta Waite and Deena Nardi, “Nursing Colonialism in America: Implications for Nursing Leadership,” Journal of Professional Nursing 35, no. 1 (2019), doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2017.12.013; Elizabeth McGibbon et al., “Toward Decolonizing Nursing: The Colonization of Nursing and Strategies for Increasing the Counter-Narrative,” Nursing Inquiry 21, no. 3 (2014), doi.org/10.1111/nin.12042.

39 Priscilla M. Wehi, Jacqueline R. Beggs, and Tara G. McAllister, “Ka Mua, Ka Muri: The Inclusion of Mātauranga Māori in New Zealand Ecology,” New Zealand Journal of Ecology 43, no. 3 (2019), doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.43.40.

40 Natalie Kurashima, Jason Jeremiah, and Tamara Ticktin, “I Ka Wā Ma Mua: The Value of a Historical Ecology Approach to Ecological Restoration in Hawai‘ i,” Pacific Science 71, no. 4 (2017), doi.org/10.2984/71.4.4.

41 Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 36［ファノン『地に呪われたる者』，p. 36］．

42 「入植植民地主義セトラー・コロニアリズムは，入植者，先住民，奴隷という，絡み合った三者構造の上に建設されたものである．だから白人，非白人，移民，ポストコロニアルの人びと，抑圧された人びとそれぞれの脱植民地化願望も同様に，入植植民地主義を実際にはさらに助長する再定住，再占領，再建のなかに絡み合う可能性がある．脱植民地化を隠喩にしてしまうことは，入植者の罪悪感と加担を，問題のある形で両立させ，入植者の未来を救おうとする一連の回避策，すなわち「入植者の無罪への移行」を可能にする．Tuck and Yang, “Decolonization,” 1.